23 Best Natural Supplements for Dementia 2025: 500+ Studies Analyzed
Contents
- Introduction
- Best Supplements to Prevent and Reverse Alzheimer's and Dementia
- Vitamin D3
- Omega-3 fatty acids
- B Vitamins
- Magnesium and Molecular Hydrogen
- Melatonin
- Soy Isoflavones
- Ginseng
- Ginko Biloba
- Green Tea (EGCG)
- Quercetin
- Creatine
- Coconut Oil
- Lutein (carotenoids)
- Selenium
- Turmeric (Curcumin)
- Zinc
- Citicoline
- TMG and Betaine
- Combined Metabolic Activators (NR, NAC, L-Carnitine and L-Serine)
- Centrum Silver Multivitamin
- Prebiotics
- NAC (N-Acetyl Cysteine)
- Elderberry
- Conclusion
Introduction
Dementia is the name for a group of symptoms associated with an ongoing decline of brain functioning. It can affect memory, thinking skills and other mental abilities. If you are 65 years old, you have a one in eight chance of suffering from significant cognitive decline.
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia which amounts to 50% to 70% of all cases. Vascular dementia, usually from either multiple strokes or severe atherosclerosis makes up to 25% of cases.
Other causes are Lewy body dementia (LBD), syphilis, chronic mercury, lead, cadmium, and aluminum exposure, Parkinson’s disease, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, hypothyroidism, vitamin B1 deficiency, vitamins B12 and folate deficiencies, MTHFR mutation and others.
This practical guide
on brain health supplements is based on a comprehensive review of over
500 scientific references and supporting studies. It explores the latest
science-backed nutritional interventions for promoting brain health.
A
March 2024 meta-analysis, published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,
indicates that daily MVM (MultiVitamin Mineral) significantly benefits
both global cognition and episodic memory. These findings within
the COSMOS (COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study) trial
support the benefits of a daily MVM in preventing cognitive decline
among older adults.
- Fatty acids: vaccenic acid, gondoic acid, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), eicosadienoic acid, and lignoceric acid, found in foods like fatty fish and nuts
- Carotenoids: lutein, lutein, and zeaxanthin, found in fruits, vegetables, and egg yolks
- Vitamin E: found in peanuts, avocado, and fish
- Choline: found in eggs, meat, fish, and dairy
Updates:
A 2022 review paper, retrieved a total of 4310 articles and 43 articles to be
incorporated in the review. Findings revealed a trend of significant
association between low levels of B vitamins (folate and vitamin B12),
vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin E, omega 3 fatty acid, and albumin, and
high homocysteine levels in blood with an increased risk of mild
cognitive impairment among older adults.
The exact cause of Alzheimer's disease is not yet fully understood, although a number of things are thought to increase your risk of developing the condition.
These include:
- increasing age
- a family history of the condition
- untreated depression, although depression can also be one of the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease
- lifestyle factors and conditions associated with cardiovascular disease
Best Natural Supplements for Preventing & Reversing Alzheimer’s and Dementia
The antioxidant connection is a hot area in Alzheimer’s research,
but everyone agrees that more still needs to be done. Researchers
aren’t sure if some antioxidants are better than others, and it’s
possible that it might be better to get your antioxidants from food
instead of from supplements.
We have compiled a list below and categorised them with reference
links. Note that this list is not exhaustive.
Methodology: The selection or short-listing of the list below
is based on the available scientific evidence retrieved from
scientific database such as PubMed and scientific search engine
such as Google Scholar.
Here are the best natural supplements for dementia that are supported by research.
Here are the best natural supplements for dementia that are supported by research.
1. Vitamin D3 and Dementia
In a study published in March 2023, Vitamin D supplementation was associated with 40%
lower dementia incidence versus no exposure.
Participants (~65 years of age) from a Brazilian
cross-sectional study that were diagnosed with dementia
showed lower serum vitamin D levels. Interestingly, a rise
in each unit of serum vitamin D led to a fall in dementia
prevalence by 8%, suggesting that vitamin D may be a
meaningful disease-modifiable factor (Santos 2020).
A study by Zhao and colleagues (Zhao 2020) examined if the consumption of vitamin D is
associated with the risk of dementia. A multi-ethnic cohort
from the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project
(WHICAP) comprised more than 1750 individuals over 65 years
old without dementia at baseline. At a 5.8-year follow-up,
329 subjects were diagnosed with dementia and those with the
lowest vitamin D intake had the highest risk of developing
dementia, supporting the concept that higher vitamin D
consumption, and its enhanced action thereof, may be
beneficial for healthy cognitive functions.
According to Dr. Sage Wheeler, medical director of SageMED in Bellevue, Washington:
When supplementing, vitamin D3 should be combined with
vitamin K2, especially in higher doses. When combined
appropriately as D3/K2, it can be dosed more aggressively
for faster optimization.
Related: Best Vitamin D3 Supplements
2. Omega-3 (DHA)
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid found in some fish and over-the-counter supplements. It is a building block of the brain involved with numerous cellular pathways.
A 2024 study finds fish oil supplements might help high-risk
seniors stave off Alzheimer’s disease. Older people with a
higher genetic risk of Alzheimer’s experienced slower
breakdown of their brain’s nerve cells if they took fish oil
capsules, researchers reported Aug. 1, 2024 in the journal
JAMA Network Open.
These people carry the APOE4 gene variant, which increases risk of Alzheimer’s and is associated with an earlier age of onset, according to the National Institute on Aging.
“The fact that neuronal integrity breakdown was slowed in people randomized to omega-3 treatment who are also at high risk for Alzheimer’s disease is remarkable, and warrants a larger clinical trial in more diverse populations in the future,” said researcher Gene Bowman, a neurology instructor with the McCance Center for Brain Health at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.
Another study published in April 2023, found that long-term
consumption of omega-rich foods and supplements led to a 20
to 64 percent decrease in dementia, especially Alzheimer’s
disease.
These people carry the APOE4 gene variant, which increases risk of Alzheimer’s and is associated with an earlier age of onset, according to the National Institute on Aging.
“The fact that neuronal integrity breakdown was slowed in people randomized to omega-3 treatment who are also at high risk for Alzheimer’s disease is remarkable, and warrants a larger clinical trial in more diverse populations in the future,” said researcher Gene Bowman, a neurology instructor with the McCance Center for Brain Health at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.
A study (Huang 2022) examining nearly 212,000 cognitively healthy people concluded that regularly taking fish oil supplements was significantly associated with lower risks of incident all-cause dementia, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and other dementia—but not Alzheimer’s disease.
Published in 2022, the Cognitive impAiRmEnt Study (CARES Trial 2), was designed to examine the
potential synergistic effects of a combination of
omega-3 fatty acids (namely DHA and eicosapentaenoic
acid [EPA]), xanthophyll carotenoids (specifically
lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin) and vitamin E
(d-α-tocopherol) on the cognitive performance of
cognitively healthy older adults. This study provides
Class II evidence that 24-month supplementation with 430
mg DHA, 90 mg EPA, 10 mg lutein, 2 mg zeaxanthin, 10 mg
meso-zeaxanthin and 15 mg vitamin E (d-α-tocopherol) is
effective in improving cognitive performance, namely
working memory, in cognitively healthy older adults.
In conclusion, the CARES research has shown improvements
in working memory following 24-month supplementation
with omega-3 fatty acids, xanthophyll carotenoids
(lutein and zeaxanthin) and vitamin E in cognitively
healthy older adults. These results support a
biologically plausible rationale whereby these nutrients
work synergistically, and in a dose-dependent manner, to
improve cognitive performance. These findings illustrate
the importance of nutritional enrichment in improving
cognition and enabling older adults to continue to
function independently, and highlight how a combination
of omega-3 fatty acids and xanthophyll carotenoids may
prove beneficial in reducing cognitive decline and/or
delaying Alzheimer's disease onset in later life. (Power 2022).
A posthoc analysis study of the OmegAD trial, published in 2019, concluded that the effect of omega-3 supplementation on measures of cognitive dysfunction appears
to be influenced by baseline tHcy (total homocysteine
level), suggesting that adequate B vitamin status is
required to obtain beneficial effects of omega-3-fatty
acid on cognition.
A 2020 study published in The Lancet finds that it might take much more omega-3 to reach the brain in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients than previously thought. Animal models and observational studies of omega-3 EPA and DHA have shown an association between higher levels of these fatty acids and lower incidence of AD and dementia.
Although a previous study tested the effects of high doses of omega-3 on blood and CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF, the fluid that bathes the brain) in patients with AD, this new study is the first to examine this question in people without AD.
Although a previous study tested the effects of high doses of omega-3 on blood and CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF, the fluid that bathes the brain) in patients with AD, this new study is the first to examine this question in people without AD.
A 28% increase in CSF DHA and 43% increase in CSF EPA were observed in the DHA treatment arm compared to placebo. The increase in CSF EPA in non-APOE4 carriers after supplementation was three times greater than APOE4 carriers. The change in brain volumes and cognitive scores did not differ between groups. The study concluded that dementia prevention trials using omega-3 supplementation doses equal or lower to 1 g per day may have reduced brain effects, particularly in APOE4 carriers.
Increased beneficial effects of macular carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin) were also observed upon their intake together with fish oil and omega-3 fatty acids, suggesting a dietary synergism (Nolan 2018).
Many governments recommend eating omega-3 containing
fatty fish, two times per week. But that is often not
enough. Ideally, people would need to eat fatty fish
four times per week, while also supplementing with
omega-3 fatty acids, at least 1,000 mg of pure omega-3
(DHA and EPA) per day.
Make sure you buy high-quality omega-3 fatty acid supplements, meaning that the omega-3 fatty acids are pure and have not oxidized much (having low “TOTOX” value).
Omega-3 fatty acid supplements come in three types:
inexpensive ethyl esters, high-quality triglycerides,
and superior monoglycerides. Monoglycerides are 2-3
times more potent due to better absorption, making 1,000
mg of monoglyceride omegas equivalent to approximately
2,700 mg of triglyceride-based omegas, according to
Wheeler.
I recommend eating fish 2-3 times per week and taking 2,500-3,000 mg of a monoglyceride formula or 5,000 mg of a triglyceride formula, once per day, with food.
I recommend eating fish 2-3 times per week and taking 2,500-3,000 mg of a monoglyceride formula or 5,000 mg of a triglyceride formula, once per day, with food.
3. B Vitamins
Vitamins B3, B6, B9 (folate) and B12 may be particularly important for supporting cognitive function as you age, and have been shown to play a major role in the development of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, which is the most serious (and lethal). (2022)
A systematic review (Wang 2022) of 95 studies found that B vitamins play a crucial role in maintaining brain health and reducing the risk of cognitive decline.
Another paper published in Aging Cell (Dec 2022) on the subject explores whether vitamin B could help offset this disruption. Martens and colleagues found that NR (Nicotinamide Riboside - a member of the vitamin B3 family) supplementation increases NAD+ levels and lowers biomarkers of neurodegeneration in plasma extracellular vesicles enriched for neuronal origin (NEVs). The results suggest NR, by increasing NAD+, could help ward off Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
A 2020 meta-analysis of 243 observational prospective studies and 153 randomised controlled trials concluded that homocysteine-lowering treatment seems the most promising intervention for AD prevention.
A 2016 randomized controlled trial suggests that B vitamin supplementation slows cognitive decline in select groups, including people with mild cognitive impairment and high baseline homocysteine levels.
A 2014 large meta-analysis of 11 trials did show that while B vitamins lowered homocysteine levels, they did not affect cognitive function.
Homocysteine levels are commonly high in people over 65 and are linked to strokes, coronary artery disease, and dementia. (2010 paper)
The good news is your body can eliminate homocysteine naturally, provided you're getting enough B9 (folate), B6 and B12. One study confirming this was published in 2010. Participants received either a placebo or 800 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid (the synthetic form of B9), 500 mcg of B12 and 20 mg of B6.
The good news is your body can eliminate homocysteine naturally, provided you're getting enough B9 (folate), B6 and B12. One study confirming this was published in 2010. Participants received either a placebo or 800 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid (the synthetic form of B9), 500 mcg of B12 and 20 mg of B6.
The study was based on the presumption that by controlling homocysteine levels you might be able to reduce brain atrophy, thereby slowing the onset of Alzheimer's. Indeed, after two years those who received the vitamin-B regimen had significantly less brain shrinkage compared to the placebo group. Those who had the highest levels of homocysteine at the start of the trial experienced brain shrinkage at half the rate of those taking a placebo.
Reduce Inflammation
Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease.
B vitamins, particularly vitamins B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), and B3 (niacin), have anti-inflammatory properties that can help to reduce inflammation in the brain and protect against cognitive decline.
Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease.
B vitamins, particularly vitamins B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), and B3 (niacin), have anti-inflammatory properties that can help to reduce inflammation in the brain and protect against cognitive decline.
Vitamin B3 and NAD
Since age is the greatest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and dementia, supplements that slow aging-related processes may also slow progression of these diseases. An observational study found that older adults have lower levels of the coenzyme NAD+ in their brains than younger adults (Pubmed 2015).
Vitamin B and Omega-3
A posthoc analysis study of the OmegAD trial confirmed the 2015 study (below). Published in 2019, concluded that the effect of omega-3 supplementation on measures of cognitive dysfunction appears to be influenced by baseline tHcy (total homocysteine level), suggesting that adequate B vitamin status is required to obtain beneficial effects of omega-3-fatty acid on cognition.
Niacinamide in Alzheimer's (Clinical Trial)
Related: Best NMN Supplement 2024
4. Magnesium and Molecular Hydrogen
Magnesium
Magnesium (Mg) is an essential mineral for the body and
brain, which is needed for the proper functioning of
many enzymes that carry out biochemical reactions.
Sufficient levels of magnesium are usually obtained
through a healthy diet.
A meta-analysis conducted in 2022 concluded that a
significant Mg deficiency exists in subjects diagnosed
with MCI or AD (Du 2022). These findings suggest that Mg deficiency may be
either the result of low dietary intake of Mg or the
consequence of disease progression.
Reduced Mg amount in the AD brain may be attributed to
lower circulating Mg levels caused by its reduced
dietary intake, or defective Mg transport mechanism.
The findings of higher dietary Mg intake are
associated with a lower risk of MCI indicating a
potential neuroprotective effect of Mg intake or
supplementation (Glick 2016).
Another 17-year study that followed more than 1,000
Japanese adults over the age of 60 found that those who
consumed more than 200 mg of magnesium per day were 37
percent less likely to develop any type of dementia and
74 percent less likely to develop vascular dementia [Ozawa 2012].
One 2016 pilot randomized controlled trial of 44
patients reported that magnesium L-threonate improved
overall cognitive ability for elderly patients with
memory complaints (Liu 2016).
As noted in Open Heart (BMJ):
“Investigations of the macro- and micro-nutrient supply in Paleolithic nutrition of the former hunter/gatherer societies showed a magnesium uptake with the usual diet of about 600 mg magnesium/day …
This means our metabolism is best adapted to a high magnesium intake … In developed countries, the average intake of magnesium is slightly over 4 mg/kg/day … [T]he average intake of magnesium in the USA is around 228 mg/day in women and 266mg/day in men …”
The key to effectively using higher doses, however, is to make sure you avoid loose bowels as that will disrupt your gut microbiome, which would be highly counterproductive.
Molecular Hydrogen
Molecular hydrogen (H2) is a gas that is found in trace amounts in the air (0.00005%). It can act as an antioxidant and is thought to protect cells from oxidative stress-related damage. Hydrogen can be inhaled as a gas at low concentrations (1-3%) or infused into water. A saturated solution of hydrogen contains 1.6 parts per million (ppm) hydrogen. In preclinical models, molecular hydrogen was most beneficial when used chronically as a preventative measure, before the onset of pathology. Hydrogen therapy is generally considered safe.
A few clinical trials have tested whether molecular hydrogen preserves cognitive function in populations at high risk for cognitive decline, in the form of hydrogen-rich water, hydrogen-rich saline infusions, or hydrogen gas inhalation.
In the trial of 73 people with mild cognitive impairment (2018), APOE4 carriers were the only subgroup to show benefits on cognitive tests in response to hydrogen-rich water consumption.
Hydrogen-infused water has been granted Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status by the FDA, which means that it is generally considered safe for consumption.
Read More: A scientific review on the potential of molecular hydrogen in preventing and treating diseases.
5. Soy Isoflavones
Soy isoflavones are polyphenols found in soy products and other plants. They preferentially interact with a type of estrogen receptor involved in cognitive functions. Because they interact with estrogen receptors, soy isoflavones have also been studied for preventing menopausal symptoms and premenstrual syndrome.
A large meta-analysis of 10 randomized controlled trials
reported that soy isoflavone supplementation
significantly improved overall cognitive function and
visual memory in people under 60 years old from non-US
countries (Menopause. 2015).
In older men and women, soy isoflavones treatment
resulted in improved spatial memory and construction,
verbal fluency, and dexterity, but worse executive
function (Ref).
In young healthy adults, high soy diet for 10 weeks
resulted in significant improvements in short-term and
long-term memory and in mental flexibility, but not in
attention or category generation compared to those in
the control diet (Ref). Women, but not men, on the high soy diet also
improved in letter fluency and planning.
However, soybean oil is a different kettle of fish.
We’ve often warned against the use of soybean oil.
Soybean oil is a source of an omega-6 fat called linoleic acid (LA), which is highly susceptible to oxidation
and is typically from GMO seeds. Not only is soybean oil
loaded with trans fat, which has been linked to heart
disease, soybean oil may also cause irreversible changes in
your brain.
6. Panax Ginseng
Panax ginseng is a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine (also known as Korean or Asian ginseng). Its root contains compounds called ginsenosides, which have anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Panax ginseng is purported to enhance longevity, promote cognitive functions, and alleviate fatigue.
A meta-analysis of five double-blind randomized
controlled trials in healthy subjects reported that
Panax ginseng treatment for 8-12 weeks showed
improvement in some aspects of cognitive function,
behavior, and quality of life, though the evidence was
not convincing or consistent across studies (Ref).
A 2020 double-blind randomized controlled trial of 52 healthy individuals reported that Panax
ginseng treatment (1 g/day) for eight weeks
significantly increased the volume of a brain region
important for memory and improved scores on executive
function, attention, and memory, effects that were not
seen in the placebo group.
The longest placebo-controlled clinical trial included
61 Alzheimer’s patients and lasted two years (Ref). In the low-dose Panax ginseng group (4.5 g/day),
cognitive scores (as measured by the Mini-Mental State
Examination) improved after 48 weeks, then slightly
decreased at 96 weeks. In the high-dose group (9.0
g/day), cognitive scores showed slight improvement at 48
and 96 weeks. In this study, maximum cognitive
improvement was observed around 24 weeks, then sustained
for two years.
7. Melatonin
Is Melatonin Good For Alzheimer's?
Melatonin is neuro-protective. The brain consumes 20% of
the body’s oxygen. All that oxygen passing through the
brain makes a toxic byproduct called reactive oxygen
species, which can damage nerves and blood vessels.
Endogenously produced melatonin diminishes during aging,
further increasing oxidative damage to mitochondrial
components. More normal mitochondrial physiology is
preserved in aging neurons with melatonin
supplementation. (Ageing Research Reviews 2024)
Melatonin improves sleep, which could theoretically lead
to long-term protection against Alzheimer's. A review
and meta-analysis on melatonin treatment in Alzheimer's
published in Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (Aug 2021) showed individuals with Alzheimer's
improved with more than 12 weeks of treatment.
Your brain uses many different antioxidants,
including melatonin, to neutralize the reactive
oxygen species before they can cause harm.
Therefore, it is not surprising that studies (2018) show melatonin seems to provide some
protective effect against diseases like
Alzheimer’s.
8. Gingko Biloba
Given that the ginkgo biloba tree is among the oldest
trees in the world, ginkgo seeds have been used in
traditional Chinese medicine and other types of treatment
for thousands of years. The sole survivor of trees from
270 million years ago, it releases all its leaves in a
golden explosion in just one day (Twitter).
|
| Photo by Han Fei |
In a 2016 study published in Nutrition, ginkgo biloba was shown to protect the brain from
toxicity associated with aluminum chloride. Exposure to
aluminum chloride has been linked to Alzheimer's and
other cognitive impairments.
A 2012 study published in International Psychogeriatrics suggests ginkgo biloba may slow the aging process
within mitochondria of your cells, which can affect the
progression of Alzheimer’s.
There are two meta-analyses in dementia patients. In one
analysis (2015), seven studies showed that patients
using ginkgo had improved scores on certain cognitive
performance tests. Two studies in the same analysis
using different assessments, however, did not show a
statistically significant difference (Ref). Another meta-analysis (2016) of patients with mild
cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease showed that
after 24 weeks of ginkgo, in combination with
conventional medicine, they improved cognitive
performance scores (Ref).
Another systematic review (Weimann 2010) of 9 controlled trials found
that taking ginkgo biloba supplements was more effective
than a placebo for improved cognitive function in people
with Alzheimer’s, vascular, or mixed dementia.
According to Cleveland Clinic (2002), an adult dose of 120 to 600 milligrams (mg)
of ginkgo biloba per day seems to be effective for
addressing memory problems. Some have suggested even
better results may be achieved by taking ginkgo in
combination with panax ginseng or codonopsis.
Risks and Cautions Related to Ginkgo Intake
According to the U.S. National Center for Complementary and Integrative
Health, intake of ginkgo biloba is thought to be safe for
healthy adults when taken by mouth in moderate amounts.
Potential side effects of ginkgo may include allergic skin
reactions, dizziness, headache and stomach upset. An
increased risk of bleeding is possible with ginkgo if you
are older, pregnant or have a known bleeding risk. Ginkgo
has been shown to interact with blood thinners
(anticoagulants), so do not take it if you are currently
on a blood-thinner medication. For similar reasons, you
should not take ginkgo before undergoing surgery or dental
procedures. Also, do not eat raw or roasted ginkgo seeds,
because they can cause serious side effects and may be
poisonous.
You Need B Vitamins if You Take Ginkgo Biloba
A word of caution related to ginkgo biloba: Its seeds
contain ginkgotoxin (4'-Omethylpyridoxine), an
“antivitamin” that may lead to neurological problems in
certain people, particularly those who are deficient in
certain B vitamins. B vitamins are important not only when
you consume ginkgo, but they are also useful in helping to
reduce brain shrinkage and prevent degenerative brain
diseases (J Epilepsy Res. 2015).
9. Geen Tea (EGCG)
Green tea is prepared from dried leaves of Camellia sinensis, a perennial evergreen shrub. It contains several compounds that are possibly beneficial to brain health, including caffeine, catechins (polyphenols like EGCG), and L-theanine (an amino acid derivative).
Greater green tea consumption was associated with lower risk
of dementia in two studies conducted in Japan, with the
larger study reporting 27% lower risk in people who drank at
least 5 cups a day [R]. Tea drinking was also associated with higher verbal
fluency in elderly Chinese people (i.e., 80–115 years
old) [R].
The second trial examined the acute effects of a drink
containing 27.5 g of green tea extract and reported that the
drink increased brain connectivity associated with working
memory and the degree of connectivity correlated with the
magnitude of improvement in working memory [R].
10. Lutein Optimizes Brain Health
While lutein is well-known for its role in eye health, its role in brain health is being increasingly explored. The connection makes sense, since as your vision worsens with age, so too may your cognitive abilities.
The Cognitive impAiRmEnt Study (CARES), was designed to examine the potential
synergistic effects of a combination of omega-3 fatty
acids (namely DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA]),
xanthophyll carotenoids (specifically lutein, zeaxanthin
and meso-zeaxanthin) and vitamin E (d-α-tocopherol) on the
cognitive performance of cognitively healthy older
adults.
According to CARES, cognitively healthy subjects aged over
65 years, on a diet supplemented for 2 years with a
combination of fish oil, vitamin E, and macular pigments
(lutein and zeaxanthin), showed improved cognitive
ability, measured by working memory test performance, and
increased levels of tissue carotenoids, as well as
systemic xanthophylls and omega-3 fatty acid
concentrations (Power 2022).
Another study (Nolan 2018) also showed increased beneficial effects of macular carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin) upon their intake together with fish oil and omega-3 fatty acids, suggesting a dietary synergism.
Research shows visual impairment at a distance is associated with declining cognitive function over time, while "maintaining good vision may be an important interventional strategy for mitigating age-related cognitive declines." (JAMA 2018)
Meanwhile, studies support the beneficial effects of lutein on brain health. In a trial of young, healthy adults, supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin improved levels of these carotenoids in the central nervous system along with boosting cognitive function. (Nutrients 2017)
Among older adults with a mean age of 73.7 years, lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation also improved cognitive function, including boosts in complex attention and cognitive flexibility domains, compared to those taking a placebo. (Hammond 2017)
Men taking part in the study also had improvements in composite memory. These benefits were seen with a daily lutein and zeaxanthin dose equivalent to that found in one-half cup of cooked kale or 1 cup of cooked spinach. (NutritionFacts 2023)
A literature search involving eight clinical trials further revealed that lutein and zeaxanthin in the blood or macula are associated with cognitive performance, and "there is an inverse relationship between a higher amount of macular pigment in the blood and lower risk of mild cognitive impairments or Alzheimer's disease." (Wang 2022)
Your body cannot make lutein, so you must get it from your
diet. Following are 10 foods that are particularly rich
sources of lutein; Dark leafy greens, Carrots, Broccoli, Egg yolks, Red and yellow peppers, Sweet corn, Avocados, Raspberries, Cherries and Paprika.
11. Quercetin
In this study published in Neuropharmacology in 2015, researchers gave quercetin to mice with Alzheimer’s, injecting them with quercetin every two days for three months. By the end of the study, the injections had reversed several markers of Alzheimer’s, and the mice performed much better on learning tests.
In a separate study published in 2018, researchers gave mice with Alzheimer’s a quercetin-rich diet. Researchers found the diet improved brain function in mice with early-middle stage Alzheimer’s, although it had no significant effect on middle-late stage Alzheimer’s.
You may have heard that coffee is linked to a reduced risk of Alzheimer’s. There’s certainly some research to back that claim up. However, a 2016 research has suggested that quercetin (not caffeine) is the primary compound in coffee responsible for protective effects against Alzheimer’s.
In a separate study published in 2018, researchers gave mice with Alzheimer’s a quercetin-rich diet. Researchers found the diet improved brain function in mice with early-middle stage Alzheimer’s, although it had no significant effect on middle-late stage Alzheimer’s.
You may have heard that coffee is linked to a reduced risk of Alzheimer’s. There’s certainly some research to back that claim up. However, a 2016 research has suggested that quercetin (not caffeine) is the primary compound in coffee responsible for protective effects against Alzheimer’s.
12. Coconut Oil
Coconut oil has been quite the buzzword over the past several
years. It has been touted as a health food and as a cure-all to
everything from acne, dry skin, diaper rash and now to
Alzheimer’s.
Coconut oil, as we all have been hearing, is a good fat; it contains medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), which our bodies can use as an alternate energy source by converting them into ketones. Our body’s first source of energy is glucose, and when we run low on glucose, we will break down fat and ketones are the byproduct — the alternate energy source.
According to Cognitive Vitality, a program of Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation, with Alzheimer's "the ability of the brain to use glucose is impaired. Ketones are an alternative energy source for the brain and might be able to compensate for this impairment."
Coconut oil, as we all have been hearing, is a good fat; it contains medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), which our bodies can use as an alternate energy source by converting them into ketones. Our body’s first source of energy is glucose, and when we run low on glucose, we will break down fat and ketones are the byproduct — the alternate energy source.
According to Cognitive Vitality, a program of Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation, with Alzheimer's "the ability of the brain to use glucose is impaired. Ketones are an alternative energy source for the brain and might be able to compensate for this impairment."
The Research
Currently, there have been several small trials testing the theory that the MCTs found in coconut oil are beneficial for Alzheimer’s:
- One trial performed on elderly individuals with age-related cognitive decline reported no benefit with the use of an MCT supplement.
- Another trial performed on patients with diabetes showed that MCT supplements preserved cognitive functioning related to hypoglycemia, which can cause a decrease in brain cells, especially if it occurs repeatedly.
- For patients who were carriers of the APOE4 genotype (a genotype that causes atherosclerosis, which in turn increases the risk for certain conditions such as heart attacks, strokes and brain conditions related to cognitive impairment), MCTs were not effective. For patients who were not carriers of this genotype, MCT supplements improved mild cognitive decline.
- There is currently a major trial being performed in the U.S. This study seeks to find whether coconut oil is safe to use in the Alzheimer’s population and whether it is effective in improving memory and cognition.
- Another study surrounded men and women with Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment. The participants were given either MCTs or a placebo. The researchers found that those who were given MCTs had increased memory improvements. This type of research led Emilie Reas, a postdoctoral fellow at UC San Diego who studies brain changes with aging and disease, to conclude that ketones (such as those from coconut oil) may be a "miracle treatment."
13. Selenium
A small randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial comprising patients with AD has shown that co-supplementation of selenium and probiotics improves cognitive function as assessed by MMSE (Tamtaji 2019).
Consistent with this outcome, a meta-analysis of six
clinical studies that examined the effects of selenium
concluded that the supplementation significantly increases
the anti-oxidant glutathione peroxidase activity and
enhances cognitive health in either MCI or AD individuals as
assessed by MMSE, ADAS-Cog, or Controlled Oral Word
Association Test—Verbal fluency (COWAT) (Pereira 2022).
14. Zinc
A number of human studies have established an association between zinc and cognitive health in humans (Leko 2021).
Subjects 60 years or older from the NHANES study between
2001 and 2004 showed an inverse relationship between zinc
intake and cognitive decline (Li 2019).
As part of the Korean Brain Aging Study for Early Diagnosis
and Prediction of Alzheimer’s disease (KBASE), a 2017 study
observed that in cognitively healthy subjects aged between
55–90, lower serum zinc levels were not related to Tau
accumulation or AD-signature cerebral glucose metabolism,
but were significantly associated with Aβ deposition in the
brain (Kim 2021).
These results are in line with markedly lower concentrations
of zinc and selenium and higher levels of copper/zinc ratio
in AD that are associated with cognitive impairment as
assessed by MMSE scores (Socha 2021).
15. Creatine
What is creatine? Creatine, a nitrogenous organic acid
naturally occurring in vertebrates, plays a critical role
in the energy metabolism of brain cells. Synthesized
primarily from arginine, glycine, and methionine, creatine
is produced endogenously and obtained through dietary
intake.
Another February 2024 study published in Scientific Reports (Nature) took a deeper dive into creatine’s ability to counteract the effects of sleep deprivation. In this study, 15 healthy participants stayed awake through two consecutive nights. On the first night, they were given creatine, while on the second night, they received a placebo. To assess the impact, researchers evaluated participants' brain function through memory and reaction time tests.
Results showed that creatine supplementation helped offset energy-related declines associated with sleep deprivation, leading to reduced fatigue and improved cognitive performance. The participants demonstrated notable improvements in processing capacity and short-term memory on creatine compared to placebo. The researchers concluded:
Results showed that creatine supplementation helped offset energy-related declines associated with sleep deprivation, leading to reduced fatigue and improved cognitive performance. The participants demonstrated notable improvements in processing capacity and short-term memory on creatine compared to placebo. The researchers concluded:
“[C]reatine has the potential to be used in prolonged cognitive activity during sleep deprivation. Our study showed the effect of a high dose of creatine against sleep deprivation-induced deterioration in cognitive performance, lasting up to nine [hours] and showing its maximum cognitive effect at four [hours] after oral administration.”
In another 2023 research, published in Nutrition Reviews, found creatine supplementation enhanced memory performance
in healthy adults, particularly those aged 66 to 76 years. The
study concluded:
“These beneficial effects from creatine supplementation on memory performance may be related to creatine’s ability to influence brain bioenergetics. For example, creatine elevates phosphocreatine and ATP levels and increases oxidative phosphorylation in synaptosomes and isolated brain mitochondria. In hippocampal neuron cultures, creatine stimulates mitochondrial activity.”
“These beneficial effects from creatine supplementation on memory performance may be related to creatine’s ability to influence brain bioenergetics. For example, creatine elevates phosphocreatine and ATP levels and increases oxidative phosphorylation in synaptosomes and isolated brain mitochondria. In hippocampal neuron cultures, creatine stimulates mitochondrial activity.”
16. Centrum Silver multivitamin review: Can Centrum Silver Improve Memory in Older Adults?
A March 2024 meta-analysis, published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, indicates that daily MVM (MultiVitamin Mineral) significantly benefits both global cognition and episodic memory. These findings within the COSMOS (COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study)
trial support the benefits of a daily MVM in preventing cognitive decline among older adults.
trial support the benefits of a daily MVM in preventing cognitive decline among older adults.
The researchers estimated that taking the multivitamin daily for three years translated to a 60% slowing of cognitive decline—about 1.8 years.
“Three years of multivitamin supplementation did improve cognitive function,” Laura Baker, PhD, lead author of the study and a professor of gerontology and geriatric medicine at Wake Forest University School of Medicine, told Verywell. “People with cardiovascular disease appeared to have benefited the most from the multivitamin.”
Over 2,200 adults aged 65 and older enrolled in the COSMOS-Mind trial took part in the study, which was done over three years. The average age of the participants was 73 years old, 60% were women, and 89% were White. None of the participants had a history of stroke or heart attack at the start of the trial.
17. Citicoline
In a 2023 review and meta-analysis, six studies (including more than 1,300 patients with mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's Disease and post-stroke dementia) were selected for the meta-analysis. Overall, citicoline improved cognitive function. However, the overall quality of the studies was poor with significant risk of bias in favor of the intervention.
In a 2021 randomized controlled trial (not included in the review above), 100 patients with AAMI (Age Associated Memory Impairment) were randomized.
18. Turmeric (Curcumin)
There are more than 1,000 search results on curcumin and alzheimer's disease on PubMed. This common household spice contains the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound curcumin, known for its ability to boost brain tissues. Studies (2008) suggest curcumin may slow the progression of Alzheimer’s by reducing the number of plaques in the brain. Additionally, it may also prevent the buildup and clumping of beta-amyloid proteins.
19. Combined metabolic activators
The results indicate that treatment of AD patients with CMA can lead to enhanced cognitive functions and improved clinical parameters associated with phenomics, metabolomics, proteomics and imaging analysis.
20. TMG and Betaine
Trimethylglycine (TMG) is a form of the amino acid glycine
with three methyl groups that are attached to it. TMG is
also commonly known as betaine or betaine anhydrous.
TMG functions as a methyl donor. TMG methylates homocysteine, an amino acid that can build up in the blood and raise the risk of heart disease, and converts it into methionine.
Additionally, glycine is also an essential amino acid that helps make proteins and enzymes and may lower the amount of sugar in the blood.
As a methyl donor, TMG may contribute to the facilitation of many biological reactions inside the cell that require the process of methylation and is proposed to help with health issues like oxidative stress and inflammation.
TMG functions as a methyl donor. TMG methylates homocysteine, an amino acid that can build up in the blood and raise the risk of heart disease, and converts it into methionine.
Additionally, glycine is also an essential amino acid that helps make proteins and enzymes and may lower the amount of sugar in the blood.
As a methyl donor, TMG may contribute to the facilitation of many biological reactions inside the cell that require the process of methylation and is proposed to help with health issues like oxidative stress and inflammation.
When taken in supplement form, TMG has many positive effects. As mentioned above, it is an essential component in methylation. Methylation is an important biochemical process involved in many different cellular functions, like the copying of DNA, the expression of genes, and the making of proteins. Notably, TMG is proposed to provide the following benefits: lower homocysteine levels, improve athletic performance, have a potential role in cancer and depression, aid individuals with autism, and support cognitive function.
A 2020 meta-analysis of 243 observational prospective studies and 153
randomised controlled trials concluded that
homocysteine-lowering treatment seems the most promising
intervention for AD prevention.
Blood homocysteine levels may be reduced by TMG supplementation.
Caution: TMG shouldn't also be taken by those who have
kidney problems.
21. Prebiotics
In a study published in the journal Nature (2024), researchers found that a dietary supplement improved function in people over 60 when taken over the course of just 12 weeks.The supplement consisted of two inexpensive and readily available sources of plant fibre: inulin and fructooligosaccharide (FOS). These substances are considered prebiotics, foods that nourish the “good” bacteria that live in the human gut.
These bacteria and other microbes, collectively known as the gut microbiome, have previously been linked to cognitive health and diseases like Alzheimer’s, so the researchers were keen to find out whether taking a prebiotic supplement could help support better brain function in older people.
These bacteria and other microbes are collectively known as the ‘gut microbiome’ and have been previously found to be linked to cognitive health diseases like Alzheimer’s. With this in mind, the researchers were looking to see if taking a prebiotic supplement could help support better brain function in older people.
22. NAC (N-Acetyl Cysteine)
Some research has suggested that NAC may protect the brain in people with Parkinson’s Disease. In one clinical study, it improved the activity of dopamine neurons, which are incredibly important in this disease [2016].NAC also increased glutathione levels in the brains of 3 people with Parkinson’s Disease [2013].
Some of its most promising uses is as a neuroprotectant. Scientists are currently investigating it as a treatment for Parkinson's disease — a disorder that has been linked to glutathione deficiency in the substantia nigra, a region that houses dopamine neurons.
Research looking at autopsied brains suggests Parkinson's patients have barely detectable levels of glutathione in this brain region. This deficiency is not restricted to Parkinson's, however.
Research looking at autopsied brains suggests Parkinson's patients have barely detectable levels of glutathione in this brain region. This deficiency is not restricted to Parkinson's, however.
Subsequent studies have found glutathione deficiency in the substantia nigra is common in a number of other neurodegenerative conditions as well, including progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy and Alzheimer's disease. As noted in an article by Science of Parkinson's (2017):
"Researchers have subsequently found that decreased levels of glutathione does not directly result in dopamine cell loss … but it does make the cells more vulnerable to damaging agents (such as neurotoxins …) This has [led] investigators to ask whether administering glutathione to people with Parkinson's disease would slow [down] the condition."
In one small-scale clinical trial (1996), 600 milligrams (mg) of intravenous glutathione was administered twice a day for 30 days, after which the patients were monitored for up to four months. All experienced significant improvement, with an average decline in disability of 42%. The effects lasted for two to four months after the treatment ended.
Other studies have confirmed the usefulness of NAC in the treatment of Parkinson's. Several are discussed on Science of Parkinson's, so for more information, please see that original article (2017).
As just one example, a randomized study (2017), 23 patients found a combination of 600 mg of oral NAC twice a day plus a weekly IV infusion of NAC at 50 mg per kilogram of body weight, had a very consistent, neuroprotective effect, improving patients' mental and physical abilities. Brain imaging also confirmed beneficial changes were in fact occurring in the brain.
23. Elderberry
A 2024 randomized controlled trial reported that patients with mild cognitive impairment who took elderberry for six months trended toward faster visuospatial problem-solving performance than controls. Several markers of inflammation were also reduced, which is significant because chronic inflammation is associated with cognitive decline. Elderberry juice shows promise in slowing Alzheimer’s-related cognitive decline, the researchers concluded.How to diagnose dementia
Diagnosing dementia can be a challenge. Neurologists use
cognitive testing, such as asking patients to subtract 3’s
from 100, who were the last three U.S. Presidents, the mini
mental examination, CT, and MRI scans with and without
contrast and SPECT or PET scans.
Laboratory and history testing should include complete blood
counts, full metabolic panel including a complete lipid panel,
lipoprotein (a), fibrinogen, homocysteine, CRP-HS, complete
thyroid hormone tests, DHEA-Sulfate, testosterone, estradiol,
estrone, progesterone, FSH in women, afternoon resting oral
temperatures, apo E genotype, history of diet colas
(aspartame), history of MSG, the person’s diet (ratio of
protein to fats to carbohydrates), history of chronic stress,
alcohol history, what types of fats they consume and their
cooking oils, family history of celiac disease or gluten
intolerance, mold exposure, food allergies, smoking history,
current or past hypertension, etc.
Diet To Prevent Alzheimer's and Dementia
There is evidence that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, particularly those with high levels of antioxidants, may help to reduce the risk of cognitive decline.Antioxidants protect the brain against oxidative stress, which can contribute to brain damage and cognitive decline.
Maintaining a healthy and balanced diet is essential to reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.
This includes eating various nutrient-rich foods, especially those high in vitamin B12, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants.
The MIND diet is associated with the preservation of cognitive
function, likely through its protective effects
against cardiovascular disease. The MIND diet, which is
based on the established cardiovascular Mediterranean
and DASH diets, includes foods and nutrients that have
been associated with preserving brain health.
Dr. Nikhil Palekar, medical director of the Stony Brook Center of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease and director of the Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, explained that the MIND diet is a low-salt type of Mediterranean diet shown to be beneficial for brain health.
“As it contains antioxidant-rich foods, as well as omega-3 fatty acids,” he said.
A low-salt diet has also been shown to benefit brain functioning independent of its action on improving hypertension.
“Given the above benefits, [the] MIND diet is highly recommended for healthy older adults as a way to reduce risk for Alzheimer’s disease, along with daily moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, cognitive activities, and socialization,” said Palekar.
Saturated Fats
Saturated fats are mostly from animal products such as red meat, processed meat, butter, and cheese, though coconut oil is a plant source that is still high in saturated fat. High intakes of saturated fat can lead to high LDL cholesterol levels. One cohort study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition showed a diet high in processed meat specifically had a correlation with an increased risk of dementia.
Family history is a large contributor for the risk of developing Alzhiemer’s. Neal Barnard says in widely watched TEDx talk that avoiding the bad fat can decrease risk of Alzheimers by 80 percent. This is even if you have the APOE-epsilon4 allele, the gene that is linked with Alzheimer’s disease.
Healthy fish — Small cold-water fish that are rich in
animal-based omega-3 fats but have a low risk of
contamination are among your best choices for healthy
fish. This includes anchovies, sardines, mackerel, herring and wild-caught Alaskan salmon. The omega-3 they contain is vital to your brain,
helping to fight inflammation and offer numerous
protections to your brain cells.
Cruciferous veggies and leafy greens — Eating just one serving of green leafy vegetables a day
may help to slow cognitive decline associated with
aging, helping you to be 11 years younger, cognitively speaking, than your non-leafy green-eating
peers (source). They’re a rich source of brain-protective nutrients
like folate, vitamins E and K, lutein and beta-carotene
(source). Cruciferous vegetables, like broccoli and cauliflower, are equally impressive, in part because they’re good
sources of choline, a B vitamin known for its role in
brain development.
Eggs — Pastured, organic eggs, particularly the yolks,
provide valuable vitamins (A, D, E and K), omega-3 fats
and antioxidants. They’re also one of the best sources of
choline available. Choline helps keep your cell membranes
functioning properly, plays a role in nerve communications
and reduces chronic inflammation. Choline is also needed
for your body to make the brain chemical acetylcholine,
which is involved in storing memories.
Beneficial health-promoting fats that your body — and your
brain in particular — needs for optimal function include
clarified butter called ghee, organic grass fed raw butter, olives, organic virgin
olive oil and coconut oil, nuts like pecans and macadamia,
free-range eggs, wild Alaskan salmon and avocado, for
example.
Avocado oil, with a similar fat profile to extra virgin
olive oil, might offer comparable benefits. A 2014 study found avocado oil improved cardiovascular risk
markers in rats fed a high-sugar diet. Poor cardiovascular
health has been linked to cognitive issues.
Palm oil has also shown significant health benefits, with one study highlighting its strong antioxidant effects. Antioxidants can protect brain cells from oxidative stress and prevent cell damage. Oxidative stress can impair neurogenesis, the generation of new neurons in the brain, damaging cognitive function. Like olive oil, palm oil is rich in the antioxidant oleic acid.
Coconut oil has demonstrated neuroprotective benefits, including relieving oxidative stress, reducing neuroinflammation, and improving mitochondrial function, according to research.
Coffee — Increased coffee (and tea) consumption was linked
to a lower risk of glioma brain tumor, such that people in
the top category of coffee consumption were 91% less likely
to have glioma compared with those in the bottom category
(source).
Diabetes Raises Dementia Risk
How well you control your blood sugar over time could significantly impact your risk of developing dementia. A study of 374,021 older veterans with diabetes uncovered a crucial connection between long-term blood sugar management and cognitive health (JAMA 2024). The researchers found that maintaining stable blood sugar levels within personalized target ranges was associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.This isn't just about avoiding extreme highs and lows — it's about consistency over time. The study used a measure called hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) time in range (TIR), which looks at how often your blood sugar stays within your recommended target over a three-year period. The higher your HbA1c TIR, the lower your risk of dementia. The findings add to a growing body of research linking diabetes with Alzheimer’s disease.
Walking to Prevent Dementia
A study published in JAMA Neurology in 2022 found that walking 9,800 steps a day can reduce the risk of dementia by half. This was the optimal number, and more steps did not further reduce all-cause dementia risk. Taking fewer steps per day, such as 3,800, also reduced the risk of dementia by 25 percent. Based on data from the UK Biobank, the study included more than 78,000 British people aged 40 to 79, who were followed for about seven years.A review study involving more than 30,000 adults in more than 40 countries found that even walking just 1,000 more steps a day could reduce the risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease. Other studies also found that walking can help lower blood pressure.
Ivermectin and Dementia
Dr William Makis shared a case testimonial of ivermectin and dementia on X/Twitter (November 2024):
IVERMECTIN and DEMENTIA Testimonial - 97 year old patient begins to remember with IVERMECTIN - one of the most touching stories I've received!
Ivermectin dosage for dementia: "I gave him 24mg of Ivermectin on day 1. I continued with IVM for 4 days"
"His eyes lit up and he recognized me" - I froze when I was reading this.
"Each day when I visited, he became more of the father I knew decades prior. We had wonderful conversations, his confusion was gone and he was laughing and talking".
What an incredibly touching story.
I am currently helping 4 Parkinson’s Disease patients with Ivermectin, two Multiple Sclerosis, one ALS and one Seizure.
This is in addition to hundreds of Cancer patients.
But I was not aware of literature on Ivermectin and Dementia.
There IS some evidence for the use of Ivermectin in Dementia, except it looks like it has been scrubbed from GOOGLE and the file is conveniently “not available”.
“Ivermectin can be used as a therapeutic candidate in Alzheimer disease which will need more studies to support that” - 2021.
Conclusion
While studies suggest that taking certain supplements may help prevent Alzheimer's, the best way to promote longevity and overall health is to engage in healthy practices like consuming a nutritious diet, engaging in regular exercise, stop smoking and reducing stress.Lancet 14 Dementia Risk Factors: A report by the 2024 update of the Lancet Commission on dementia provides 14 ways to reduce dementia risk by up to 45%.
- improve education,
- hearing loss,
- treating hypertension,
- reduce smoking,
- treating obesity,
- treating depression,
- exercise
- treating diabetes,
- avoid excessive alcohol consumption [ie, >21 UK units, equivalent to >12 US units],
- avoid traumatic brain injury [TBI],
- avoid air pollution
- avoid social isolation
- avoid vision loss
- treating high LDL cholesterol
The Alzheimer’s Association also offers 12 healthy habits to improve brain health and reduce the risk of cognitive decline and, perhaps, Alzheimer’s and dementia as well.
- Keep your brain engaged and Be a lifelong learner
- Exercise regularly (source)
- Protect your head—always wear a helmet and seat belt when appropriate to protect your head from injuries
- Don’t smoke
- Control your blood pressure
- Manage diabetes
- Eat a healthy diet
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Manage stress
- Intermittent fasting
- Get good quality sleep
By making mindful choices, we empower ourselves to maintain optimal
brain health now and preserve it well into the future.
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You forgot to mention METHYLENE BLUE (USP Grade), which treats and reverses Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and dementia in general.
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