10 Best Anti-Cancer Supplements for Cancer Prevention and Treatment (2023): Advanced Guide
Prevention holds greater value than both cure and early detection. Nonetheless, the incentive for profit often leans away from investing in preventive measures. This tendency is reflected in the limited coverage of preventative strategies within mainstream media channels.
The quest for cancer prevention and treatment has been shrouded in ambiguity when it comes to the world of dietary supplements. The bewildering array of options leaves us questioning their efficacy, for without robust scientific evidence, their true potential remains enigmatic.
The term anti-cancer supplements can be a little misleading. Some supplements may help reduce a person’s risk of developing cancer or support the body during cancer treatment.
This article compiles over 200 references and supporting studies related to cancer and the realm of supplements, diet and lifestyle.
It's important to note that dietary supplements are not regulated by the U.S.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the same way that medications are, and
the safety and effectiveness of these products may not be fully established.
Anyone considering taking vitamins and supplements during cancer treatment should seek advice from their doctor first, particularly as some can interact with other medications or cause side effects.
In this article, we discuss some of the dietary supplements that may help prevent cancer or assist in recovery during cancer treatment. We also cover some of the studies related to supplements and cancer treatment. New studies are being added almost every day. We have organised and summarised relevant and salient research information in one place. Below, we look at the most published and studied categories.
Note: When interpreting scientific studies, it's important to bear in mind the hierarchy of evidence. Cell culture findings are considered less impactful than results from studies conducted on mice. Similarly, mouse-based conclusions are outweighed by findings from human studies. Case studies and preliminary results from small human trials hold less weight than outcomes from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and more extensive, long-term human trials.
In this Article:
- Best Anti Cancer Supplements
- Vitamin D3
- Turmeric (Curcumin)
- Fish Oil (Omega-3 Fatty Acids)
- Vitamin C, E and Selenium
- Green tea (EGCG)
- Quercetin
- Melatonin
- Garlic (Allicin)
- Magnesium
- Molecular Hydrogen
- Diet and Cancer Prevention
- Cancer Fighting Foods
- Don't use tobacco
- Maintain a healthy weight and be physically active
- Avoid risky behaviors
- Protect yourself from the sun
- Get regular medical care and Health Screening
- Avoid unnecessary exposure to radiation.
- Sleep Quality and Reduce Stress
- Avoid exposure to environmental toxins and infections that contribute to cancer
Cancer and supplements
When it comes to cancer of any kind, it’s important to realize that no dietary supplement can fully treat or cure cancer, according to BreastCancer.org. However, there are some supplements that can potentially help prevent cancer or assist in your cancer recovery.
While many vitamins and minerals can benefit your general health, there’s a
huge market of unregulated supplements that may provide no added benefit to
your health. Certain supplements even have the potential to
negatively impact
cancer treatments. This is because some supplements can counteract
medications or medical therapies. If you’re thinking about supplementing
your diet with anti-cancer vitamins, always talk to your doctor first.
1. Vitamin D3 and K2
Vitamin D can absorb calcium and help the immune, muscle, and
nervous systems function properly. There are more than 11,000 search results on vitamin D and cancer on PubMed.
The first randomized-controlled trial (DO-HEALTH) trial to
investigate the combination of three complementary treatments for
the prevention of cancer and suggest that the combination of daily
vitamin D3, supplemental marine omega-3s, and a simple home
exercise program may be effective in the prevention of invasive
cancer among generally healthy and active adults aged 70 and
older.
Findings from a 3 year Randomized Controlled Trial with more
than 2,000 participants observed a 61% reduction in the risk of
invasive cancer among patients who completed a home exercise
program and took vitamin D3 and omega-3 fatty acids daily.
These results, from the DO-HEALTH trial (ClinicalTrials.gov
identifier NCT01745263), were published in Frontiers in Aging 2022.
A number of epidemiologic studies have also investigated whether
people with higher vitamin D intakes or higher blood levels of
vitamin D have lower risks of specific cancers. The results of
these studies have been inconsistent, possibly because of the
challenges in carrying out such studies. For example, dietary
studies do not account for vitamin D made in the skin from
sunlight exposure, and the level of vitamin D measured in the
blood at a single point in time (as in most studies) may not
reflect a person’s true vitamin D status. Also, it is possible
that people with higher vitamin D intakes or blood levels are more
likely to have other healthy behaviors. It may be one of these
other behaviors, rather than vitamin D intake, that influences
cancer risk.
The cancers for which the most human data are available are colorectal, breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancer. Numerous epidemiologic studies have shown that higher intake or blood levels of vitamin D are associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer (R). In contrast, the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial found that healthy women who took vitamin D and calcium supplements for an average of 7 years did not have a reduced incidence of colorectal cancer (NEJM 2006). Some scientists have pointed out that the relatively low level of vitamin D supplementation (10 μg, or 400 IU, once a day), the ability of participants to take additional vitamin D on their own, and the short duration of participant follow-up in this trial might explain why no reduction in colorectal cancer risk was found.
The cancers for which the most human data are available are colorectal, breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancer. Numerous epidemiologic studies have shown that higher intake or blood levels of vitamin D are associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer (R). In contrast, the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial found that healthy women who took vitamin D and calcium supplements for an average of 7 years did not have a reduced incidence of colorectal cancer (NEJM 2006). Some scientists have pointed out that the relatively low level of vitamin D supplementation (10 μg, or 400 IU, once a day), the ability of participants to take additional vitamin D on their own, and the short duration of participant follow-up in this trial might explain why no reduction in colorectal cancer risk was found.
According to BreastCancer.org, research suggests that certain cancers such as breast cancer, can
have a higher risk of occurring when the body has low
levels of vitamin D.
Studies also show a link between vitamin D deficiency and
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer (Sizar, 2020).
In 2016, a landmark study published in PLOS ONE found that women over 55
with blood concentrations of vitamin D higher than 40
ng/ml, had a 67% lower risk of cancer compared women
with levels lower than 20 ng/ml.
Many experts now recommend 800 to 1,000 IU a day, a
goal that's nearly impossible to attain without taking
a supplement. Although protection is far from proven,
evidence suggests that vitamin D may help reduce the
risk of prostate cancer, colon cancer, and other
malignancies.
Although the role of vitamin D in cancer prevention
remains an area of research interest and debate,
avoiding deficient levels is recommended. (American Cancer Society 2020)
Vitamin D can also be absorbed through sunlight, or with
the following diet:
- fatty fish
- egg yolks
- fortified milk
Make sure to take 500 mg to 1000 mg of magnesium and 150 mcg of
vitamin K2, (not K1) which are important cofactors for optimizing
vitamin D function. And, remember the only way you know what your
vitamin D level is, is to test it. Vitamin D level should be in a
therapeutic range of 50 to 70 ng/ml for treatment of rheumatoid
arthritis. Most people are shocked how low their level is when
they finally get around to testing it.
2. Turmeric (Curcumin)
Interestingly, curcumin appears to be universally useful for just about every type of cancer (Arslan 2022), which is really odd since cancer consists of a wide variety of different molecular pathologies.
Studies show that the curcumin in turmeric may kill cancer cells and slow
tumor growth. This preclinical research has taken curcumin from the
lab to the clinic.
The benefits of curcumin may include:
- blocking cancer cells from multiplying
- killing colon, breast, prostate, and melanoma cancer cells
- slowing tumor growth
A review paper published in 2022, analysed 21 human studies. Sixteen out
of 21 clinical trials were associated with the effectiveness of
curcumin or turmeric on various types of cancer, and the other
five clinical trials were related to the evaluation of the
efficacy of curcumin or turmeric in relieving the side effects
of cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The emerging data from
the clinical trials confirm that curcumin has the potential for
cancer prevention and intervention.
Both curcuminoids and related turmeric products have been
sanctioned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as safe.
Why Whole Turmeric Is Ineffective
Unfortunately, while there's some curcumin in whole turmeric, there's not enough in the regular spice to achieve clinically relevant results. The turmeric root itself contains only about 3% curcumin concentration. Another major limitation of curcumin as a therapeutic agent is that it is poorly absorbed. When taken in its raw form, you're only absorbing about 1% of the available curcumin.
Unfortunately, while there's some curcumin in whole turmeric, there's not enough in the regular spice to achieve clinically relevant results. The turmeric root itself contains only about 3% curcumin concentration. Another major limitation of curcumin as a therapeutic agent is that it is poorly absorbed. When taken in its raw form, you're only absorbing about 1% of the available curcumin.
Because it's not easily absorbed through your gastrointestinal tract, it's more effective to use a high-quality bioavailable curcumin extract, according to a 2013 study. A typical anticancer dose is just under 1 teaspoon of curcumin extract three or four times daily.
However, in the case of colon cancer, this poor absorption into the bloodstream may be an advantage. As there is poor absorption, higher levels of curcumin stay in the intestinal tract for longer periods of time, having an effect on gastrointestinal cancers.
In one study, participants took a 1,080 milligram (mg) dose per day of curcumin for 10 to 30 days between their initial biopsy and surgical removal. The patients taking the supplement experienced a reduction in blood levels of inflammatory agent, improvement in their body weight and an increased number of dying tumor cells.
"Studies on the effect of curcumin on cancer and normal cells will be useful for the ongoing preclinical and clinical investigations on this potential chemo-preventive agent."
New Curcumin Forms
Convenience and efficiency has driven many of the changes in the forms of curcumin in later years. Because it's a fat-loving or lipophilic molecule, many newer preparations now include some sort of oil or fat, which improves its absorbability and bioavailability. Such preparations typically have seven to eight times higher absorption than the raw, unprocessed 95% concentration of dry powder. There are also newer sustained release preparations.
Turmeric and black pepper each have health benefits, due to the compounds curcumin and piperine. As piperine enhances curcumin absorption in the body by up to 2,000%, combining the spices magnifies their effects. (Healthline)
3. Vitamin C, E and Selenium
PubMed has indexed more than 3,000 research studies on vitamin C and cancer and more than 5,000 studies on
vitamin E and cancer. United States Preventive Services Task Force has recommended the use of Vitamin C and E supplementation for cancer prevention (R).
Prevention
2022 - An umbrella review* (Xu 2022) to assess the existing systematic reviews and
meta-analyses for the association between vitamin C intake and
multiple health outcomes; showed that vitamin C intake was
associated with reduced risk of all-cause mortality,
cardiovascular disease (CVD), oesophageal cancer, gastric
cancer, cervical cancer and lung cancer with an increment of
50–100 mg per day.
Beneficial associations were also identified for respiratory,
neurological, ophthalmologic, musculoskeletal, renal and
dental outcomes. A total of 76 meta-analyses (51 papers) of
randomised controlled trials and observational studies with 63
unique health outcomes were identified. Harmful associations
were found for breast cancer and kidney stones for vitamin C
supplement intake.
*Umbrella review: An umbrella review, or a review of reviews, is a systematic review that only considers other systematic reviews as an eligible study type for inclusion.
2022 - Obese women who took vitamin C and B6 at amounts that
exceeded the recommended daily intake levels were associated
with a lower risk of breast cancer, according to a five-year
long South Korean cohort study. 40,432 women without a history of cancer at baseline were
included in this study.
Treatment
2022 - A
systematic review
on the effect of vitamins C and E on cancer survival showed
improvement of survival and progression rates of cancers by
vitamins C and E. However, the authors concluded
that more high quality trials with large sample sizes are
required to confirm.
Vitamin C is known as an antioxidant, but at high
concentrations, vitamin C can kill cancer cells through a
pro-oxidant property (Transl Oncol. 2020). This study has also demonstrated that vitamin C
treatment with magnesium supplementation provided more
effective anticancer therapy than vitamin C treatment alone.
To understand the mechanism of AA's anticancer activity, many
research groups have treated colon, prostate, leukemia,
lymphoma, brain, and stomach cancer cells and chemically or
genetically transformed cancer cells with AA and showed cancer
growth inhibition and even cancer cell death through hydrogen
peroxide–mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation [R]. In most cases, the pharmacological concentration of
vitamin C required for anticancer effects (EC50 value of 1–10
mM) could only be achieved by intravenous administration.
Thus, to apply vitamin C as an anticancer therapy, a high
intracellular concentration in cancer cells is critically
important (R).
The first randomized-controlled trial to investigate the combination of three complementary treatments for the prevention of cancer and suggest that the combination of daily vitamin D3, supplemental marine omega-3s, and a simple home exercise program may be effective in the prevention of invasive cancer among generally healthy and active adults aged 70 and older.
Findings from a study performed in mice, research from Harvard Medical School’s Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston demonstrated omega-3 fat could reduce tumor growth by 67% (R).
The research was presented April 4, 2022 at the annual Experimental Biology meeting in Philadelphia. The animal model showed that omega-3 fatty acids helped promote the cancer-fighting activities of immunotherapy and anti-inflammatory therapy.
Flax seed is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which may reduce the risk of certain cancers. When supplementing, try to avoid flaxseed oil because it lacks the nutrients of ground flax seed. Ground flax seed can be purchased online or found in many larger grocery store chains. Simply sprinkle some ground flax seed on your food and enjoy.
Make sure you buy high-quality omega-3 fatty acid supplements, meaning that the omega-3 fatty acids are pure and have not oxidized much (having low “TOTOX” value).
TOTOX value stands for total oxidation value. The omega 3 fatty acids EPA and DHA from fish oil are highly sensitive to oxidation. This means that they are rapidly affected by contact with oxygen. Oxidised fatty acids are not beneficial to our health. For this reason, a good fish oil supplement has a low TOTOX value. The maximum TOTOX value is set at 26 by the Global Organization for EPA and DHA omega-3.
According to a 2018 review, EGCG and green tea extracts may help prevent or delay cancer onset, cancer recurrence, and secondary growths from cancer.
However, the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) state that studies of green tea and cancer in humans have so far produced inconsistent results.
Green tea also contains chemicals called polyphenols that have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties and anti-angiogenic properties, and the catechins in green tea polyphenols show very strong anti-angiogenic properties.
Some studies show health benefits in people who drink as little as one cup per day, while other studies deem five or more cups per day to be optimal (Source, Source).
4. Fish Oil (Omega-3 Fatty Acids)
PubMed has indexed more than 2,900 research studies on Omega-3 and cancer. Most people use fish oil supplements to enhance the amount of omega-3’s in their diet.
Findings from a 3 year Randomized Controlled Trial with more than 2,000 participants observed a 61% reduction in the risk of invasive cancer among patients who completed a home exercise program and took vitamin D3 and omega-3 fatty acids daily.
These results, from the DO-HEALTH trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01745263), were published in Frontiers in Aging 2022.
The research was presented April 4, 2022 at the annual Experimental Biology meeting in Philadelphia. The animal model showed that omega-3 fatty acids helped promote the cancer-fighting activities of immunotherapy and anti-inflammatory therapy.
Many governments recommend eating omega-3 containing fatty fish, two times per week. But that is often not enough. Ideally, people would need to eat fatty fish four times per week, while also supplementing with omega-3 fatty acids, at least 1,000 mg of pure omega-3 (DHA and EPA) per day.
However, fish oil was shown in one study on mice (2015) to possibly reduce the effectiveness of chemotherapy, and for that reason ground flax seed is a worthy alternative.
Make sure you buy high-quality omega-3 fatty acid supplements, meaning that the omega-3 fatty acids are pure and have not oxidized much (having low “TOTOX” value).
5. Melatonin
PubMed has indexed more than 3,000 research studies
on melatonin and cancer.
The Mediterranean Diet (MD) dietary pattern is also rich in antioxidants, such as melatonin. A systematic review published in Antioxidants (Elena 2023) showed high melatonin contents in MD-related foods, such as tomatoes, olive oil, red wine, beer, nuts, and vegetables. The consumption of specific MD foods increases melatonin levels and improves the antioxidant status in plasma.
Melatonin is one of the most important antioxidant molecules.
In the human body — aside from having direct antioxidant
effects — it also stimulates the synthesis of glutathione
and other important antioxidants like superoxide dismutase
and catalase.
Many people are not aware that only 5% of your body’s
melatonin — which is also a potent anticancer agent — is
produced in your pineal gland. The other 95% is produced
inside your mitochondria — provided you get sufficient
near infrared exposure which is typically from sun on your
bare skin. This is why vitamin D is more than likely a
biomarker for sun exposure, which is intricately involved
in melatonin production. (R)
Treatment
2020 - A case series of 14 advanced cancer patients (Trends in Oncology 2020), treated with high dose (1,000 mg/day) of melatonin;
achieved a disease control of 54% of the patients.
The authors also concluded that:
"Moreover, this preliminary study may also suggest
that high dose melatonin has no toxicity in cancer
patients with poor clinical status, as well as in
healthy subjects."
6. Green Tea (EGCG)
PubMed has indexed more than 2,000 research studies on EGCG and cancer.
The Minnesota Green Tea Trial (MGTT. 2015) is the largest and longest double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized intervention study that specifically evaluated the effects of oral GTE (green tea extract) containing defined quantities of EGCG on established biomarkers of breast cancer risk.
They randomized and stratified 1075 healthy postmenopausal women at high risk of breast cancer according to their breast tissue density and catechol-O-methyltransferase genotypes and divided them into two groups: 537 placebo and 538 green tea groups. Green tea group participants took 4 capsules that contained 843 mg EGCG, whereas the placebo group took capsules without green tea extracts.
Researchers measured changes in percent mammographic density, circulating endogenous sex hormones, and proteins of the insulin-like growth factor axis. Their results showed that supplementation with green tea extract could modify and reduce mammographic density (MD) and protect against breast cancer, even though it was only significant in younger women (50–55 years) and had no effect in older women (R), an age-dependent effect similar to those of tamoxifen.
However, the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) state that studies of green tea and cancer in humans have so far produced inconsistent results.
Several epidemiological studies (2011) have reported that the consumption of green tea may decrease cancer risk. Studies have also confirmed numerous health benefits of green tea including prevention of cancer (R, R) and cardiovascular disease, as well as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiarthritic, antibacterial, and antiviral effects. (R, R, R, R).
If you have cancer, consider drinking up to 3 cups of green tea per day to experience the benefits. Green tea pills are also available, but may be too concentrated.
7. Quercetin
PubMed has indexed more than 4,000 research studies
on quercetin and cancer.
2022 - A paper published in August 2022 in Nutrition Research analyzed the pro-apoptotic effect that quercetin has on aging cells. The paper reviewed preclinical and early phase data using quercetin as a senolytic agent and found the data showed it was effective in “preventing or alleviating cancer formation.”
The authors reviewed the importance of cellular aging in the development of cancer cells and the effect that quercetin may have on the suppression of cancer cell proliferation.
Cellular senescence is a dynamic and multi-step process that is associated with alterations in metabolic activity and gene expression. This can compromise tissue regeneration and contribute to aging. On the other hand, by removing senescent cells, age-related dysfunction can be attenuated and potentially extend the lifespan.
2020 - Another paper (2020) identified some of the anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant and antiproliferative properties quercetin has
that enhances breast cancer treatment, while another (2020) evaluated its effect on the treatment of
ovarian cancer, which is a serious cancer growth and threat to
women's health.
2019 - Research also has demonstrated that quercetin can promote the
loss of cell viability and autophagy through several pathways,
including those involving mitochondrial function and glucose
metabolism.
This study published in 2017 in Oncology Reports took things a step further, finding that quercetin induced cancer cell death in nine types of cancer, including prostate cancer, colon cancer, and breast caner.
This study published in 2017 in Oncology Reports took things a step further, finding that quercetin induced cancer cell death in nine types of cancer, including prostate cancer, colon cancer, and breast caner.
Quercetin affects endothelial (thin membrane lining heart and
blood vessels) cell proliferation, migration, and
angiogenesis. As an anti-angiogenic compound, it has been
shown to have a targeted effect on tumor angiogenesis in both
in vitro and in vivo experiments. It has also been
demonstrated in animal experiments that quercetin can reduce
angiogenesis.
In another 2017 study, researchers gave quercetin to mice with tumors. Researchers found that mice in the quercetin-treated group showed delayed tumor growth, no significant changes in daily behavior, significantly better survival ratings, and increased rates of cell death.
In another 2017 study, researchers gave quercetin to mice with tumors. Researchers found that mice in the quercetin-treated group showed delayed tumor growth, no significant changes in daily behavior, significantly better survival ratings, and increased rates of cell death.
Quercetin may also target bladder cancer. In 2016, researchers published a landmark study in the American
Journal of Cancer Research. Researchers analyzed quercetin’s
effect on cancer cells in a test tube. They concluded, “We are
the first to show that quercetin displays potent inhibition on
bladder cancer cells via activation of AMPK pathway.”
According to Mount Sinai, quercetin should be used with caution as it may interact
with certain antibiotics by reducing the effectiveness of the
drug. It may also enhance the effect of some blood thinners,
which can increase your risk of bleeding. In addition to
these, it may interact with corticosteroids, digoxin,
cyclosporine and fluoroquinolones.
8. Garlic (Allicin) and Onion
PubMed has indexed more than 1,200 research studies
on garlic and cancer. Garlic and onions belong to the Allium genus of plants.
2023 - A randomized controlled trial (RCT) on garlic
and gastric cancer (GC), published in January 2023, found a significant reduction in the risk of developing
GC with increasing dietary intake of allium vegetables,
particularly garlic vegetables.
2020 - A meta-analysis of 11 studies, published
in January 2020, did find evidence that garlic could reduce
the risk of ColoRectal Cancer.
Another study published in the Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology (2019) revealed the odds of getting
ColoRectal Cancer were 79% lower in those who a
diet high in allium vegetables, which include
garlic, leeks and onions.
One study of 543,220 participants found that those who ate lots of Allium vegetables, such as garlic, onions, leeks and shallots, had a lower risk of stomach cancer than those who rarely consumed them (Source).
A study of 471 men showed that a higher intake of garlic was associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer (Source).
Based on these findings, including 2–5 grams
(approximately one clove) of fresh garlic into
your diet per day can help you take advantage of
its health-promoting properties.
Several clinical studies have found an association between garlic intake and a lower risk of certain types of cancer.
Despite the promising results showing an
association between garlic and a reduced risk of
cancer, more studies are needed to examine whether
other factors play a role.
Garlic is a great choice when it comes to
giving your body a little extra protection. To
reap the benefits of garlic, you should eat one
clove per day, or 300 to 1,000 milligrams (mg) of garlic extract.
The active component in garlic is allicin, a
compound that has been shown to kill off
cancer cells in multiple test-tube studies
(Source, Source, Source).
There is evidence demonstrating garlic can
kill cancer cells in vitro. Several studies
have analyzed the effects that dietary garlic
may have on the development of colorectal
cancer.
Several clinical studies have found an association between garlic intake and a lower risk of certain types of cancer.
9. Magnesium and Cancer
PubMed has indexed more than 5,000 research
studies on magnesium and cancer.
Colorectal Cancer
An analysis of the prospective, Swedish Mammography Cohort (JAMA 2005), evaluated 61,433 women aged 40 to 75 without a history of cancer for a mean follow-up of 14.8 years. The highest quintile of magnesium intake was associated with a significantly lower risk of CRC compared with the lowest quintile. This benefit was observed for both colon and rectal cancers.
A case-control study evaluated 2204 subjects from the Tennessee Colorectal Polyp Study (2007), which demonstrated that increasing total magnesium intake was significantly associated with decreasing risk of CR.. The highest tertile of dietary magnesium intake (>298 mg/day) was significantly associated with reduced risk of CRC in an age-adjusted model.
A study of 140,601 postmenopausal women from the Women’s Health Initiative (2015) with an mean follow-up of 13 years demonstrated a significant reduction in CRC risk with the highest quintile of total magnesium intake compared with the lowest quintile of magnesium intake. The benefit was driven by colon cancer, with a trend for rectal cancer.
Pancreatic Cancer
A study of 66,806 subjects aged 50 to 76 at baseline from the Vitamins and Lifestyle cohort (Nature 2015) evaluated magnesium intake and the incidence of pancreatic cancer during a mean follow-up of 6.8 years. Subjects with magnesium intake below the recommended dietary allowance were more likely to develop pancreatic cancer, particularly in those whose intake was less than 75% of the recommended dietary allowance. In this study, a 100 mg/day decrease in magnesium intake resulted in a 24% increase in risk of pancreatic cancer.
10. Molecular Hydrogen and Cancer
There is little evidence to show that molecular hydrogen can
reduce the risk of cancer.
However, in terms of cancer management or treatment, studies
involving the effects of H2 on cancer were systematically
reviewed. More than 600 articles related to molecular hydrogen
and cancer were retrieved from Cochrane, PubMed and Google
Scholar, and 27 articles were included for this systematic review (2023).
Based on the authors' analysis, "H2 plays a promising therapeutic role as an independent
therapy as well as an adjuvant in combination therapy,
resulting in an overall improvement in survivability,
quality of life, blood parameters, and tumour reduction."
Although H2 has demonstrated significant anti-cancer effects,
the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Many
studies have shown that H2 therapy can reduce oxidative stress.
This, however, contradicts radiation therapy and chemotherapy,
in which ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) are required to induce
apoptosis and combat cancer.
Diet and Cancer Prevention
Diet and nutrition are important determinants of cancer risk, both through their contributions to energy balance and via biological mechanisms that alter risk independent of body weight (R).
Emerging evidence, largely epidemiological but also including a few controlled intervention trials, suggests that healthy (vs unhealthy) dietary patterns are associated with reduced risk for cancer, especially colon and breast cancer (R).
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of dietary interventions aimed at preventing cancer, conversely, are expensive and largely impractical. Therefore, most current evidence concerning diet and cancer prevention is derived from observational epidemiologic studies, in particular prospective cohort studies, mechanistic studies of food components in laboratory animals and cell culture, and RCTs when available.
Although eating healthy foods can't ensure cancer prevention, it might reduce the risk. Consider the following in general:
- Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. Base your diet on fruits, vegetables and other foods from plant sources — such as whole grains and beans. Eat lighter and leaner by choosing fewer high-calorie foods. Limit refined sugars and fat from animal sources.
- Drink alcohol only in moderation, if at all. Alcohol increases the risk of various types of cancer, including cancer of the breast, colon, lung, kidney and liver. Drinking more increases the risk.
- Limit processed meats. Eating processed meat often can slightly increase the risk of certain types of cancer. This news comes from a report from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the cancer agency of the World Health Organization.
A large study that involved 79,952 US-based men found that those who ate the largest amounts of healthy plant-based foods had a 22% lower risk of bowel cancer compared with those who ate the least.
The researchers found no such link for women, of whom 93,475 were included in the research. The team suggested that the link is clearer for men, who have an overall higher risk of bowel cancer. Their findings were published in the journal BMC Medicine (Nov 2022).
The evidence for the association between dietary sugar consumption and the risk of cancer has remained limited and controversial (R). In 2018 the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) reported that evidence was limited for the associations between consumption of sugars and food containing sugars and the risk of colorectal cancer. However, at the same time, this report recommended reducing or avoiding sugar sweetened beverage consumption for the prevention of breast cancer. Evidence from this umbrella review (BMJ 2023) supports the recommendations from the WCRF/AICR to some extent.
In another study, The Shanghai Breast Cancer Survival Study (JAMA. 2009), a large, population-based cohort study of 5,042 female breast cancer survivors. Over an average follow-up of 3.9 years, soy food consumption was significantly associated with lower risk of death and breast cancer recurrence.
A review of 35 studies (Plos One. 2014) found that soy intake could lower the risk of breast cancer for both pre- and post-menopausal women in Asian countries. However, for women in Western countries, pre- or post-menopausal, there is no evidence to suggest an association between intake of soy isoflavone and breast cancer.
Cancer Fighting Foods
The development of cancer, in particular, has been shown to be heavily influenced by your diet. The term “superfood” is a fairly new term referring to foods that offer maximum nutritional benefits for minimal calories.
Do take note that we are talking about foods to prevent your risk of cancer and not about treating cancer with foods. Cancer treatments will be something that you will need to discuss with your cancer specialist.
Many foods contain beneficial compounds that could help decrease the growth of cancer. There are also several studies showing that a higher intake of certain foods could be associated with a lower risk of the disease.
Do take note that we are talking about foods to prevent your risk of cancer and not about treating cancer with foods. Cancer treatments will be something that you will need to discuss with your cancer specialist.
Many foods contain beneficial compounds that could help decrease the growth of cancer. There are also several studies showing that a higher intake of certain foods could be associated with a lower risk of the disease.
Some doctors and media channels argue that there is very little evidence to support the use of foods to prevent cancer.
We will delve into the research and look at a list of foods that may lower your risk of cancer.
Other studies have found that specific types of nuts may be linked to a lower cancer risk. For example, Brazil nuts are high in selenium, which may help protect against lung cancer in those with a low selenium status (Trusted Source).
These results suggest that adding a serving of nuts to your diet each day may reduce your risk of developing cancer in the future.
Still, more studies in humans are needed to determine whether nuts are responsible for this association, or whether other factors are involved.
Several studies have found that eating more carrots is linked to a decreased risk of certain types of cancer.
For example, an analysis looked at the results of five studies and concluded that eating carrots may reduce the risk of stomach cancer by up to 26% (Source).
Another study found that a higher intake of carrots was associated with 18% lower odds of developing prostate cancer (Source).
One study analyzed the diets of 1,266 participants with and without lung cancer. It found that current smokers who did not eat carrots were three times as likely to develop lung cancer, compared to those who ate carrots more than once per week (Source).
Try incorporating carrots into your diet as a healthy snack or delicious side dish just a few times per week to increase your intake and potentially reduce your risk of cancer.
Still, remember that these studies show an association between carrot consumption and cancer, but don’t account for other factors that may play a role.
We will delve into the research and look at a list of foods that may lower your risk of cancer.
Berries and Fruits
Berries are high in anthocyanins, plant pigments that have antioxidant properties and may be associated with a reduced risk of cancer.
There are more than 17,000 search results on berries and cancer on PubMed and also 17,000 research studies on fruits and cancer. Do take note that most of the research studies are pre-clinical, lab, animal and non-human studies.
In one human study, 25 people with colorectal cancer were treated with bilberry extract for seven days, which was found to reduce the growth of cancer cells by 7% (Source).
Another small study gave freeze-dried black raspberries to patients with oral cancer and showed that it decreased levels of certain markers associated with cancer progression (Source).
One animal study found that giving rats freeze-dried black raspberries reduced esophageal tumor incidence by up to 54% and decreased the number of tumors by up to 62% (Source).
Similarly, another animal study showed that giving rats a berry extract was found to inhibit several biomarkers of cancer (Source).
Based on these findings, including a serving or two of berries in your diet each day may help inhibit the development of cancer. Keep in mind that these are animal and observational studies looking at the effects of a concentrated dose of berry extract, and more human research is needed.
In one human study, 25 people with colorectal cancer were treated with bilberry extract for seven days, which was found to reduce the growth of cancer cells by 7% (Source).
Another small study gave freeze-dried black raspberries to patients with oral cancer and showed that it decreased levels of certain markers associated with cancer progression (Source).
One animal study found that giving rats freeze-dried black raspberries reduced esophageal tumor incidence by up to 54% and decreased the number of tumors by up to 62% (Source).
Similarly, another animal study showed that giving rats a berry extract was found to inhibit several biomarkers of cancer (Source).
Based on these findings, including a serving or two of berries in your diet each day may help inhibit the development of cancer. Keep in mind that these are animal and observational studies looking at the effects of a concentrated dose of berry extract, and more human research is needed.
Eating citrus fruits such as lemons, limes, grapefruits and oranges has also been associated with a lower risk of cancer in some studies.
One large study found that participants who ate a higher amount of citrus fruits had a lower risk of developing cancers of the digestive and upper respiratory tracts (Source).
A review looking at nine studies also found that a greater intake of citrus fruits was linked to a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer (Source).
Finally, a review of 14 studies showed that a high intake, or at least three servings per week, of citrus fruit reduced the risk of stomach cancer by 28% (Source).
These studies suggest that including a few servings of citrus fruits in your diet each week may lower your risk of developing certain types of cancer.
Keep in mind that these studies don’t account for other factors that may be involved. More studies are needed on how citrus fruits specifically affect cancer development.
One large study found that participants who ate a higher amount of citrus fruits had a lower risk of developing cancers of the digestive and upper respiratory tracts (Source).
A review looking at nine studies also found that a greater intake of citrus fruits was linked to a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer (Source).
Finally, a review of 14 studies showed that a high intake, or at least three servings per week, of citrus fruit reduced the risk of stomach cancer by 28% (Source).
These studies suggest that including a few servings of citrus fruits in your diet each week may lower your risk of developing certain types of cancer.
Keep in mind that these studies don’t account for other factors that may be involved. More studies are needed on how citrus fruits specifically affect cancer development.
Tomato (Lycopene)
It has long been known that tomato consumption reduces the risk of developing cancer and cardiovascular disease, due to its high lycopene content (Ratto 2022).
There are more than 1,500 search results on lycopene and cancer on PubMed.
A 2020 study published in the journal Cancer Causes & Control (Fraser 2020) found that men who ate tomatoes almost every day had a 28 percent lower risk of prostate cancer than men who didn’t. Lycopene may also protect the skin from the sun damage that can cause skin cancer, and some research suggests that it helps women maintain bone mass as they age.
Broccoli
Broccoli contains sulforaphane, a plant compound found in cruciferous vegetables that may have potent anticancer properties.
There are more than 1,000 search results on broccoli and cancer on PubMed.
One analysis of 35 studies showed that eating more cruciferous vegetables was associated with a lower risk of colorectal and colon cancer (Ann Oncol. 2013).
Including broccoli with a few meals per week may come with some cancer-fighting benefits.
However, keep in mind that the available research hasn’t looked directly at how broccoli may affect cancer in humans.
Instead, it has been limited to test-tube, animal and observational studies that either investigated the effects of cruciferous vegetables, or the effects of a specific compound in broccoli. Thus, more human studies are needed.
Including broccoli with a few meals per week may come with some cancer-fighting benefits.
However, keep in mind that the available research hasn’t looked directly at how broccoli may affect cancer in humans.
Instead, it has been limited to test-tube, animal and observational studies that either investigated the effects of cruciferous vegetables, or the effects of a specific compound in broccoli. Thus, more human studies are needed.
Nuts
Research has found that eating nuts may be linked to a lower risk of certain types of cancer. There are more than 1,000 search results on nuts and cancer on PubMed.
For instance, a study looked at the diets of 19,386 people and found that eating a greater amount of nuts was associated with a decreased risk of dying from cancer (Br J Nutr. 2015).
Another study followed 30,708 participants for up to 30 years and found that eating nuts regularly was associated with a decreased risk of colorectal, pancreatic and endometrial cancers (Source).
For instance, a study looked at the diets of 19,386 people and found that eating a greater amount of nuts was associated with a decreased risk of dying from cancer (Br J Nutr. 2015).
Another study followed 30,708 participants for up to 30 years and found that eating nuts regularly was associated with a decreased risk of colorectal, pancreatic and endometrial cancers (Source).
Another meta-analysis of 14 cohort studies (2015), found that dietary legume consumption reduces risk of colorectal cancer. Legumes are a diverse group of foods, including soybeans, peas, beans, lentils, peanuts, and other podded plants, which are widely cultivated and consumed.
Other studies have found that specific types of nuts may be linked to a lower cancer risk. For example, Brazil nuts are high in selenium, which may help protect against lung cancer in those with a low selenium status (Trusted Source).
These results suggest that adding a serving of nuts to your diet each day may reduce your risk of developing cancer in the future.
Still, more studies in humans are needed to determine whether nuts are responsible for this association, or whether other factors are involved.
Olive Oil
Olive oil is loaded with health benefits, so it’s no wonder it’s one of the staples of the Mediterranean diet.
Research has found that eating nuts may be linked to a lower risk of certain types of cancer. There are more than 1,200 search results on olive oil and cancer on PubMed.
Research has found that eating nuts may be linked to a lower risk of certain types of cancer. There are more than 1,200 search results on olive oil and cancer on PubMed.
Several studies have even found that a higher intake of olive oil may help protect against cancer.
One massive review made up of 19 studies showed that people who consumed the greatest amount of olive oil had a lower risk of developing breast cancer and cancer of the digestive system than those with the lowest intake (Source).
Another study looked at the cancer rates in 28 countries around the world and found that areas with a higher intake of olive oil had decreased rates of colorectal cancer (Source).
Swapping out other oils in your diet for olive oil is a simple way to take advantage of its health benefits. You can drizzle it over salads and cooked vegetables, or try using it in your marinades for meat, fish or poultry.
Though these studies show that there may be an association between olive oil intake and cancer, there are likely other factors involved as well. More human studies are needed to look at the direct effects of olive oil on cancer in people.
One massive review made up of 19 studies showed that people who consumed the greatest amount of olive oil had a lower risk of developing breast cancer and cancer of the digestive system than those with the lowest intake (Source).
Another study looked at the cancer rates in 28 countries around the world and found that areas with a higher intake of olive oil had decreased rates of colorectal cancer (Source).
Swapping out other oils in your diet for olive oil is a simple way to take advantage of its health benefits. You can drizzle it over salads and cooked vegetables, or try using it in your marinades for meat, fish or poultry.
Though these studies show that there may be an association between olive oil intake and cancer, there are likely other factors involved as well. More human studies are needed to look at the direct effects of olive oil on cancer in people.
Carrots
There are more than 300 search results on carrot and cancer on PubMed.
For example, an analysis looked at the results of five studies and concluded that eating carrots may reduce the risk of stomach cancer by up to 26% (Source).
Another study found that a higher intake of carrots was associated with 18% lower odds of developing prostate cancer (Source).
One study analyzed the diets of 1,266 participants with and without lung cancer. It found that current smokers who did not eat carrots were three times as likely to develop lung cancer, compared to those who ate carrots more than once per week (Source).
Try incorporating carrots into your diet as a healthy snack or delicious side dish just a few times per week to increase your intake and potentially reduce your risk of cancer.
Still, remember that these studies show an association between carrot consumption and cancer, but don’t account for other factors that may play a role.
Beans
Beans are high in fiber, which some studies have found may help protect against colorectal cancer (Source, Source, Source).
One study followed 1,905 people with a history of colorectal tumors, and found that those who consumed more cooked, dried beans tended to have a decreased risk of tumor recurrence (Source).
According to these results, eating a few servings of beans each week may increase your fiber intake and help lower the risk of developing cancer.
One study followed 1,905 people with a history of colorectal tumors, and found that those who consumed more cooked, dried beans tended to have a decreased risk of tumor recurrence (Source).
According to these results, eating a few servings of beans each week may increase your fiber intake and help lower the risk of developing cancer.
Soy
A review of 14 studies (Plos One. 2020) found that tofu intake was associated with a
lower risk of breast cancer. Tofu (bean curd), is a popular food derived from soy in Asia.
lower risk of breast cancer. Tofu (bean curd), is a popular food derived from soy in Asia.
A review of 35 studies (Plos One. 2014) found that soy intake could lower the risk of breast cancer for both pre- and post-menopausal women in Asian countries. However, for women in Western countries, pre- or post-menopausal, there is no evidence to suggest an association between intake of soy isoflavone and breast cancer.
Gut Microbes and Probiotics
Not only have gut bacteria been shown to influence gene expression,(R, R) turning some genes on and others off, research (R) published in 2018 found gut microbes actually control antitumor immune responses in your liver, and that antibiotics can alter the composition of immune cells in your liver, triggering tumor growth.
Harvard Medical School researchers have identified the specific population of gut microbes that modulates both localized and systemic immune response to ward off viral invaders.
Certain gut bacteria also promote inflammation, which is an underlying factor in virtually all cancers, whereas other bacteria quell it. The presence of certain gut bacteria has even been shown to boost the patient's response to anticancer drugs. (Nature 2018)
One way in which gut bacteria improve the effectiveness of cancer treatment is by activating your immune system and allowing it to function more efficiently. Researchers have actually found that when these specific microbes are absent, certain anticancer drugs may not work at all.
Certain gut bacteria also promote inflammation, which is an underlying factor in virtually all cancers, whereas other bacteria quell it. The presence of certain gut bacteria has even been shown to boost the patient's response to anticancer drugs. (Nature 2018)
One way in which gut bacteria improve the effectiveness of cancer treatment is by activating your immune system and allowing it to function more efficiently. Researchers have actually found that when these specific microbes are absent, certain anticancer drugs may not work at all.
Don't use tobacco
Smoking has been linked to many types of cancer, including cancer of the lung, mouth, throat, voice box, pancreas, bladder, cervix and kidney. Even being around secondhand smoke might increase the risk of lung cancer.
But it's not only smoking that's harmful. Chewing tobacco has been linked to cancer of the mouth, throat and pancreas.
Staying away from tobacco — or deciding to stop using it — is an important way to help prevent cancer. For help quitting tobacco, ask a health care provider about stop-smoking products and other ways of quitting.
But it's not only smoking that's harmful. Chewing tobacco has been linked to cancer of the mouth, throat and pancreas.
Staying away from tobacco — or deciding to stop using it — is an important way to help prevent cancer. For help quitting tobacco, ask a health care provider about stop-smoking products and other ways of quitting.
Maintain a healthy weight and be physically active
Being at a healthy weight might lower the risk of some types of cancer. These include cancer of the breast, prostate, lung, colon and kidney.Physical activity counts too. Besides helping control weight, physical activity on its own might lower the risk of breast cancer and colon cancer.
Doing any amount of physical activity benefits health. But for the most benefit, strive for at least 150 minutes a week of moderate aerobic activity or 75 minutes a week of hard aerobic activity.
You can combine moderate and hard activity. As a general goal, include at least 30 minutes of physical activity in your daily routine. More is better.
Avoid risky behaviors
Another effective cancer prevention tactic is to avoid risky behaviors that can lead to infections that, in turn, might increase the risk of cancer. For example:
Practice safe sex. Limit the number of sexual partners and use a condom. The greater the number of sexual partners in a lifetime, the greater the chances of getting a sexually transmitted infection, such as HIV or HPV.
People who have HIV or AIDS have a higher risk of cancer of the anus, liver and lung. HPV is most often associated with cervical cancer, but it might also increase the risk of cancer of the anus, penis, throat, vulva and vagina.
- Don't share needles. Injecting drugs with shared needles can lead to HIV, as well as hepatitis B and hepatitis C — which can increase the risk of liver cancer. If you're concerned about drug misuse or addiction, seek professional help.
Protect yourself from the sun
Skin cancer is one of the most common kinds of cancer and one of the most preventable. Try these tips:
- Avoid midday sun. Stay out of the sun between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. when the sun's rays are strongest.
- Stay in the shade. When outdoors, stay in the shade as much as possible. Sunglasses and a broad-brimmed hat help too.
- Cover your skin. Wear clothing that covers as much skin as possible. Wear a head cover and sunglasses. Wear bright or dark colors. They reflect more of the sun's harmful rays than do pastels or bleached cotton.
- Don't skimp on sunscreen. Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, even on cloudy days. Apply a lot of sunscreen. Apply again every two hours, or more often after swimming or sweating.
- Don't use tanning beds or sunlamps. These can do as much harm as sunlight.
Get regular medical care and Health Screening
Doing regular self-exams and having screenings for cancers — such as cancer of the skin, colon, cervix and breast — can raise the chances of finding cancer early. That's when treatment is most likely to succeed. Ask a health care provider about the best cancer screening schedule for you.Avoid unnecessary exposure to radiation.
Get medical imaging studies only when you need them. (Harvard Health)Check your home for residential radon, which increases the risk of lung cancer. Protect yourself from ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, which increases the risk of melanomas and other skin cancers. But don't worry about electromagnetic radiation from high-voltage power lines or radiofrequency radiation from microwaves and cell phones. They do not cause cancer.
Sleep, Stress and Job
High stress might be one of the most overlooked factors, especially concerning the long-term impact of being exposed to a stressful job environment.
Studies have shown that stress might promote cancer indirectly by weakening the immune system's anti-tumor defense or by encouraging new tumor-feeding blood vessels to form. But a study published in The Journal of Clinical Investigation shows that stress hormones, such as adrenaline, can directly support tumor growth and spread.
However, it’s important to understand the role of stress on cancer progression. Scientists know that psychological stress can affect the immune system, the body’s defense against infection and disease (including cancer).
The body responds to stress by releasing stress hormones, such as epinephrine (also called adrenaline) and cortisol (also called hydrocortisone). The body produces these stress hormones to help a person react to a situation with more speed and strength. Stress hormones increase blood pressure, heart rate, and blood sugar levels. Small amounts of stress are believed to be beneficial, but chronic (persisting or progressing over a long period of time) high levels of stress are thought to be harmful.
Stress that is chronic can increase the risk of obesity, heart disease, depression, and various other illnesses. Stress also can lead to unhealthy behaviors, such as overeating, smoking, or abusing drugs or alcohol, that may affect cancer risk.
Some studies have indicated an indirect relationship between stress and certain types of virus-related growths. Evidence from both animal and human studies suggests that chronic stress weakens a person’s immune system, which in turn may affect the incidence of virus-associated cancers, such as Kaposi sarcoma and some lymphomas.
It is difficult to separate stress from other physical or emotional factors when examining cancer risk. For example, certain behaviors, such as smoking and using alcohol, and biological factors, such as growing older, becoming overweight, and having a family history of cancer, are common risk factors for cancer.
Sleep
Admittedly, the evidence linking sleep to cancer is not strong. But poor and insufficient sleep is associated with weight gain, which is a cancer risk factor.
Desk Job
One of the most important aspects of lifestyle is your job. If you're among the 86% of American workers who work at a desk all day, your job may have an adverse effect on your health.
Studies have found that those who sat for more than 8 hours a day with no physical activity had a risk of dying similar to the risk posed by obesity and smoking.
A 2009 study found that people who had increased sitting times had higher rates of cancer and overall mortality, even when they got some daily exercise.
The American Cancer Society has also found a link between long periods of inactivity and cancer. The group says that people who spend "prolonged leisure time sitting" — defined as more than 6 hours per day — have a 19% higher rate of death compared to people who sit an average of 3 hours per day. That number includes all causes of death, but it doesn't necessarily mean that sitting directly causes cancer or other diseases, since sick people are also likely to move around less.
The American Cancer Society has also found a link between long periods of inactivity and cancer. The group says that people who spend "prolonged leisure time sitting" — defined as more than 6 hours per day — have a 19% higher rate of death compared to people who sit an average of 3 hours per day. That number includes all causes of death, but it doesn't necessarily mean that sitting directly causes cancer or other diseases, since sick people are also likely to move around less.
Avoid exposure to environmental toxins and infections that contribute to cancer
Avoid exposure to industrial and environmental toxins such as asbestos fibers, benzene, aromatic amines, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). (Harvard Health)
Avoid infections that contribute to cancer, including hepatitis viruses, HIV, and the human papillomavirus. Many are transmitted sexually or through contaminated needles. (Harvard Health)
Caution and Concern
It's important to emphasize caution when it comes to these natural products. It wasn't long ago that, after finding that people who ate a diet rich in foods containing beta-carotene had a lower risk of lung cancer, researchers set out to study the potential effect of supplements of beta-carotene on risk. Unlike the reduced risk seen with dietary beta-carotene, however, beta-carotene in supplement form was associated with an increased risk of developing the disease.Outlook
When interpreting scientific studies, let’s remember that cell culture
results are trumped by mouse results. Mouse results are trumped by human
results. Case studies & small human trial results are trumped by
double-blind placebo controlled ones.
This article is part of the diet and cancer series. Other diet and cancer
related articles:
- Best Ways to Prevent Cancer: Prevention is Better than Early Detection
Dr Mercola would debate the evil of sunshine. Eatting a good whole food and meat diet with morning or evening sun will give the natural vt D you need. covid-19 problem solved.
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