McCullough Protocol Base Spike Detox: Nattokinase, Bromelain & Curcumin (2026)
Quick Answer: What is the Base Spike Detox Protocol?
The Base Spike Detox Protocol is an over-the-counter oral regimen developed by cardiologist Dr. Peter McCullough designed to assist the body in degrading and clearing persistent SARS-CoV-2 spike protein resulting from COVID-19 infection or vaccination.
The core protocol consists of three natural compounds taken daily for a minimum of 3 to 12 months:
- Nattokinase: 2,000 FU (100 mg) twice daily on an empty stomach.
- Bromelain: 500 mg once daily on an empty stomach.
- Nano/Liposomal Curcumin: 500 mg twice daily with food.
Medical Note: Due to significant fibrinolytic and antiplatelet properties, individuals taking prescription anticoagulants (blood thinners) or antiplatelet agents must consult a physician before starting.
Key Takeaways
- Targeted Spike Degradation: Nattokinase directly degrades SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in cell models, while bromelain assists in secondary protein clearing and tissue repair.
- Synergistic Anti-Inflammatory Action: Liposomal curcumin inhibits inflammatory pathways (NF-kB) activated by residual viral fragments.
- Flexible Duration: Standard duration ranges from 3 months for mild symptoms to 12+ months for complex, long-standing post-viral syndromes.
- Objective Tracking: Serum Spike Protein Antibody tests (available commercially) provide quantitative tracking of treatment response over time.
What is the McCullough Protocol Base Spike Detoxification?
The persistence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in human tissues—whether originating from natural viral infection, repeated reinfections, or mRNA/adenoviral vector vaccination—has emerged as a major focus in long-COVID and post-vaccine injury research. Unlike typical viral proteins that clear rapidly, spike protein fragments can endure in circulating monocytes, vascular endothelium, and major organ systems for extended periods.
Developed by world-renowned internist and cardiologist Dr. Peter A. McCullough, the Base Spike Detoxification Protocol represents the first systematic, outpatient oral therapy designed to accelerate the enzymatic breakdown and natural clearance of these lingering toxic proteins through the body's reticuloendothelial system.
Who Developed the Protocol?
Dr. Peter McCullough, MD, MPH, is a board-certified cardiologist, internist, and epidemiologist with extensive publications in cardiovascular medicine and renal disease. Based on emerging preclinical literature and clinical observations in thousands of post-COVID patients, Dr. McCullough formulated this triple-combination approach to target three primary pathological drivers: spike protein persistence, microthrombus (micro-clot) formation, and systemic tissue inflammation.
Who May Consider This Protocol?
Clinicians and individuals typically evaluate the Base Spike Detox protocol in the context of:
- Post-COVID-19 Condition (Long COVID): Persistent fatigue, brain fog, chest discomfort, dyspnea, or dysautonomia following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.
- Post-Vaccination Syndromes: Unexplained multisystem inflammatory symptoms, cardiovascular complaints, or neurological changes following COVID-19 vaccination.
- Repeated Reinfections: High cumulative exposure to viral spike proteins leading to immune dysregulation or chronic inflammation.
The Triple Supplement Protocol Breakdown
The foundation of the regimen relies on three natural enzymatic and polyphenol compounds acting via distinct, synergistic biological mechanisms.
| Compound | Standard Dosing | Administration | Primary Mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nattokinase | 2,000 FU (100 mg) twice daily | Empty stomach | Direct proteolytic degradation of spike protein & fibrin breakdown |
| Bromelain | 500 mg once daily | Empty stomach | Secondary spike cleavage & anti-inflammatory fragment clearance |
| Liposomal Curcumin | 500 mg twice daily | With food | NF-kB inhibition, antioxidant support & spike-induced inflammation suppression |
1. Nattokinase (Proteolytic Engine)
Nattokinase is a serine protease enzyme extracted from nattō, a traditional Japanese dish made from fermented soybeans. It possesses robust fibrinolytic (clot-dissolving) properties and has been demonstrated in preclinical studies to cleave the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein into smaller, non-functional subunits.
Dosing: 2,000 Fibrinolytic Units (FU) twice daily. Taking it on an empty stomach ensures optimal absorption of the active enzyme into circulation rather than digesting food proteins.
2. Bromelain (Secondary Enzyme & Tissue Repair)
Derived from the stem and fruit of the pineapple plant (Ananas comosus), bromelain is a complex mixture of proteolytic enzymes. It works alongside nattokinase to hydrolyze peptide bonds, aiding in the processing of damaged cellular debris while downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokine expression.
Dosing: 500 mg once daily on an empty stomach.
3. Nano/Liposomal Curcumin (Inflammation Control)
Curcumin is the active polyphenol found in turmeric (Curcuma longa). Standard curcumin suffers from poor oral bioavailability; therefore, liposomal or nanoparticle formulations are required to achieve therapeutic plasma levels. Curcumin targets downstream inflammatory cascades triggered by spike protein fragments, suppressing IL-6, TNF-alpha, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB).
Dosing: 500 mg twice daily taken with meals containing healthy fats to maximize lipid-layer absorption.
All-in-One Formulations
For convenience, pre-formulated combinations matching Dr. McCullough's exact ratios are available through specialized medical supplement suppliers.
View Ultimate Spike Support FormulaEvidence Review: The Science Behind Spike Protein Degradation
While large-scale, double-blind randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) specifically measuring post-COVID spike protein clearance are still in development, a growing body of peer-reviewed preclinical, in vitro, and human physiological research provides a compelling rationale for the Base Spike Detox protocol.
The therapeutic strategy rests on three interconnected physiological goals: enzymatic hydrolysis (breaking down the physical spike protein structure), fibrinolysis (dissolving micro-clots induced by viral fragments), and cytokine suppression (calming vascular and systemic inflammation).
Nattokinase Research: Direct Proteolytic Cleavage
Nattokinase has emerged as the principal agent in the protocol due to its dual capacity to degrade viral proteins and break down pathological fibrin networks.
In a milestone study published in Molecules, Tanikawa et al. (2022) examined the direct effects of nattokinase on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The researchers demonstrated that when spike protein preparations were incubated with nattokinase, the protein was degraded in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Crucially, this degradation was observed both in cell lysate models and in SARS-CoV-2-infected cell cultures. The study revealed that nattokinase selectively cleaves the S1 and S2 subunits of the spike protein, rendering it incapable of binding to human cell surface receptors.
These findings corroborated earlier research by Oba et al. (2021), who demonstrated that nattokinase inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection in human cell lines by disrupting the structural integrity of the viral spike protein on the cell surface.
Human Pharmacokinetics and Systemic Bioavailability
A common clinical question is whether orally ingested enzymes can survive gastric digestion and enter systemic circulation in active form. Human pharmacokinetic studies confirm that nattokinase is absorbed intact through the intestinal tract.
Kurosawa et al. (2015) conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study in healthy human volunteers to measure systemic fibrinolytic activity following a single oral dose of 2,000 FU nattokinase. The results showed:
- Significant elevation of serum D-dimer concentrations at 6 and 8 hours post-administration (p < 0.05).
- Statistically significant increases in blood fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDPs) within 4 hours.
- Sustained enzymatic activity in blood plasma without causing adverse hemorrhagic events.
This demonstrates that an oral dose of 2,000 FU produces measurable, systemic proteolytic effects in human blood vessels, supporting its use as an active therapeutic agent.
Editor's Note: Contextualizing Fact-Checks & Emerging Research
Addressing the AFP Fact-Check: A widely circulated media fact-check criticized over-the-counter spike detox protocols, stating there is "no clinical proof" that nattokinase dissolves spike protein inside the human body. While it is true that human clinical trials directly measuring serum spike protein clearance via western blot or mass spectrometry are pending, the fact-check acknowledged the validity of Tanikawa et al.'s 2022 study showing spike degradation in cell models.
In translational medicine, in vitro mechanism proof combined with human pharmacokinetic data (such as Kurosawa et al.) is standard justification for clinical application—especially when managing novel post-viral conditions where formal RCTs may take 3 to 5 years to complete. Clinicians utilize nattokinase based on established safety profiles and known enzymatic mechanisms while formal trials proceed.
Bromelain Research: Receptor Blockade & Fragment Clearing
Bromelain serves as a secondary protease with complementary cleavage sites to nattokinase. Beyond protein degradation, bromelain impacts cellular entry pathways.
Preclinical studies have shown that bromelain downregulates both ACE2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2) and TMPRSS2 (Transmembrane Protease, Serine 2) expression on cell surfaces—the primary entry ports used by SARS-CoV-2. By cleaving the spike protein and simultaneously reducing receptor availability, bromelain hinders viral binding and cellular uptake.
Furthermore, bromelain's broad-spectrum proteolytic activity aids the body's macrophage system in clearing leftover peptide fragments, reducing the antigen load driving post-viral auto-inflammatory reactions.
Liposomal Curcumin Research: Bioavailability & Inflammatory Suppression
The biological rationale for including curcumin centers on its ability to halt downstream signaling cascades initiated by spike protein interaction with endothelial cells and monocytes.
Spike protein binding activates Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-kB), triggering a surge of pro-inflammatory cytokines including Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α). Curcumin is a potent natural inhibitor of NF-kB, effectively dampening this hyper-inflammatory response.
The Bioavailability Challenge
Standard turmeric powder contains only 2–5% curcumin by weight and exhibits negligible oral absorption, rapid metabolism, and swift systemic elimination. The McCullough protocol specifically mandates nano-formulated or liposomal curcumin.
Liposomal encapsulation wraps the hydrophobic curcumin molecule in a lipid bilayer (phytosome/liposome), increasing cellular uptake and plasma concentration by up to 27-fold compared to standard unformulated extracts. This ensures therapeutic amounts cross cell membranes to reach inflamed tissues.
| Study | Model | Key Finding | Clinical Implication |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tanikawa et al. (2022) | In vitro cell culture | Nattokinase degraded S1/S2 spike protein subunits in a dose-dependent manner. | Establishes direct enzymatic target capability against spike protein. |
| Kurosawa et al. (2015) | Human clinical trial (n=12) | Single dose 2,000 FU elevated plasma D-dimer and FDPs within 4–8 hours. | Proves oral absorption and systemic clot-dissolving activity in humans. |
| Saggar et al. (2021) | In vitro enzymatic assay | Bromelain cleaved SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and reduced ACE2/TMPRSS2 expression. | Demonstrates dual action: protein degradation and receptor suppression. |
| Dey et al. (2022) | Review & cellular studies | Liposomal curcumin inhibited NF-kB and blocked spike-induced cytokine storms. | Provides rationale for controlling tissue inflammation and endothelial injury. |
Ivermectin and Spike Protein Dynamics
While the core Base Spike Detox protocol relies on over-the-counter enzymes and polyphenols, clinicians frequently integrate prescription agents such as Ivermectin (IVM) into advanced outpatient protocols, particularly when acute dyspnea, microvascular compromise, or severe neurological symptoms are present.
The Hemagglutination Hypothesis & Reversal Mechanism
Early in the pandemic, former NIH researcher David Scheim, PhD, proposed that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein acts like a molecular "grappling hook," binding simultaneously to multiple circulating red blood cells (RBCs). This process, known as hemagglutination (HA), causes RBCs to clump together into long chains (rouleaux formation) and micro-aggregates.
Hemagglutination severely impairs microvascular perfusion and oxygen transport, directly contributing to the refractory hypoxia and micro-clotting observed in both severe COVID-19 and post-vaccine vascular injuries. Subsequent structural studies by Boschi et al. confirmed that ivermectin binds with high affinity to the spike protein's receptor-binding domain (RBD), physically blocking its interaction with RBC membranes.
Key Mechanism: Rapid Reversal of Cell Clumping
In experimental models, adding ivermectin to blood samples prior to spike protein exposure prevented hemagglutination entirely. More importantly, introducing ivermectin after clumping had occurred rapidly reversed the hemagglutination, restoring individual RBC mobility and gas-exchange efficiency.
Rapid Oxygenation Recovery Curves
Clinical observations by Stone et al. documented near-immediate improvements in blood oxygen saturation ($\text{SpO}_2$) following ivermectin administration in hypoxic patients. Published physiological oxygenation curves demonstrate that this improvement often occurs within hours—far too rapidly to be explained solely by anti-inflammatory gene transcription.
This rapid turnaround points to a direct physical mechanism: ivermectin dislodges spike proteins from RBC surfaces, freeing clogged capillary networks and allowing immediate restoration of tissue oxygenation.
Clinical Experience and Case Reports
Real-world evidence from frontline medical practitioners provides crucial insight into the clinical efficacy and trajectory of spike detox protocols.
Case Study: Dr. Bruce Boros, MD (Internist & Cardiologist)
Dr. Bruce Boros, a veteran internist and cardiologist in the Florida Keys, treated hundreds of acute COVID-19 patients using early multi-drug protocols with high-dose ivermectin, documenting rapid radiographic and clinical resolution.
Later in the pandemic, at age 75, Dr. Boros developed severe long-COVID symptoms, including brain fog, profound fatigue, and cognitive slowing that threatened his ability to practice medicine. Following consultations on the mechanistic rationale of the McCullough protocol, Dr. Boros initiated the triple spike detox combination (Nattokinase, Bromelain, Liposomal Curcumin) alongside his baseline supplement regimen.
Clinical Outcome: Within weeks of initiating the full detox formula, Dr. Boros reported complete resolution of cognitive slowing and fatigue, returning to full clinical capacity and successfully implementing the protocol for his own long-COVID patient population.
Quantitative Spike Antibody Reduction: Dr. Robert W. Enzenauer, MD, MPH
Objective biomarker tracking offers verifiable proof of spike protein clearance over time. Dr. Robert W. Enzenauer, an ophthalmologist and medical specialist who received multiple mandatory doses of mRNA vaccines, tracked his quantitative serum Spike Antibody levels (Labcorp) while undergoing the McCullough protocol:
Biomarker Tracking: Serum Spike Antibody Clearance
- Baseline (March 2024): Quantitative Spike Antibody = 1:25,000
- Intervention: 6 months of McCullough Protocol Base Spike Detox
- Follow-Up (September 2024): Quantitative Spike Antibody = 1:740
This represents a greater than 33-fold reduction in circulating spike antibody titers over a 6-month period, correlating directly with clinical symptom improvement.
Published Patient Success Reports
documented clinical accounts illustrate protocol outcomes across diverse post-viral and post-vaccine presentations:
- Severe Post-Vaccine Microvascular Clotting: A middle-aged male presenting with extreme unilateral leg swelling (3x normal volume) following vaccination experienced complete resolution of edema within 7 days of starting the bromelain-based spike detox regimen after failing standard conservative management.
- Ocular Vascular Thrombosis: A practicing healthcare worker who suffered sudden monocular vision loss due to a retinal micro-clot reported progressive visual restoration starting one week post-initiation of the Ultimate Spike Detox combination, achieving full vision recovery by week 3.
- Severe Bedridden Long-COVID: A construction worker incapacitated with severe long-COVID fatigue and dyspnea achieved full functional recovery and returned to active manual labor within 3 months of initiating Dr. McCullough's triple protocol.
Academic Recognition: Vaccine Myocarditis Research
The academic foundation supporting post-vaccine pathology research gained major peer-review recognition when Dr. Peter McCullough and colleagues awarded first place on Preprints.org in the 'Medicine and Pharmacology' category for their landmark study:
"Autopsy Proven Fatal COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Myocarditis"
This systematic analysis provided definitive histopathological proof of persistent spike protein expression in inflamed myocardial tissue, reinforcing the medical urgency for effective systemic spike detoxification strategies in symptomatic individuals.
Safety, Contraindications, and Drug Interactions
Because the Base Spike Detox protocol utilizes active proteolytic enzymes with systemic biological activity, a careful review of safety parameters and potential pharmacological interactions is essential prior to beginning treatment.
Critical Clinical Safety Warning: Bleeding Risk
Nattokinase and bromelain both possess potent fibrinolytic, antithrombotic, and mild antiplatelet properties. Combining these natural enzymes with prescription blood thinners or antiplatelet medications can significantly amplify systemic bleeding risks. Always undertake this protocol under direct medical supervision if you are taking cardiovascular medications.
1. Anticoagulant & Antiplatelet Drug Interactions
Concurrent use of the triple supplement regimen with pharmaceutical anticoagulants requires caution and close monitoring for signs of mucosal bleeding, easy bruising, or hematuria. Key interactions include:
- Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs / NOACs): Apixaban (Eliquis), Rivaroxaban (Xarelto), Dabigatran (Pradaxa), and Edoxaban (Savaysa). Combining nattokinase with DOACs increases systemic clot-dissolving activity. Dose adjustments must be managed by a physician.
- Vitamin K Antagonists: Warfarin (Coumadin). Nattokinase may alter INR (International Normalized Ratio) readings. Patients on Warfarin require frequent INR monitoring if enzyme therapy is introduced.
- Antiplatelet Agents: Aspirin, Clopidogrel (Plavix), and Prasugrel (Effient). Aspirin combined with bromelain and nattokinase produces additive antiplatelet effects.
2. Allergenic & Metabolic Considerations
- Soy Allergy: Nattokinase is synthesized through the fermentation of non-GMO soybeans by Bacillus subtilis var. natto. While highly purified enzyme extracts contain minimal soy protein, individuals with severe soy allergies should exercise caution or seek specialized soy-free formulations.
- Pineapple / Bromelain Allergy: Individuals with known hypersensitivity to pineapples, papain, or latex may experience allergic reactions (skin rash, bronchospasm) to bromelain.
- Hypotension (Low Blood Pressure): Nattokinase has been shown in clinical trials to exert mild blood pressure-lowering effects by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Individuals prone to orthostatic hypotension or those taking anti-hypertensive drugs should monitor blood pressure regularly.
- Gastrointestinal Intolerance: High-dose enzyme administration on an empty stomach may occasionally cause mild gastric irritation, nausea, or loose stools. If GI discomfort occurs, bromelain or curcumin doses can be temporarily reduced or taken alongside a small snack.
3. Special & Vulnerable Populations
Due to a lack of formal safety studies in specific cohorts, the following groups must avoid the Base Spike Detox protocol unless explicitly directed and monitored by an experienced physician:
- Pregnant or breastfeeding women.
- Women of childbearing potential who are not utilizing reliable contraception.
- Pediatric patients (children under 18 years of age).
- Individuals with active bleeding disorders (e.g., hemophilia, severe von Willebrand disease, or active peptic ulcer disease).
- Patients scheduled for elective surgery or dental procedures within 14 days (enzyme therapy should be held 2 weeks prior to surgery to minimize surgical bleeding risks).
Treatment Timeline and Duration Guidelines
Spike protein degradation and tissue clearance is a slow, physiological process. Dr. McCullough and clinical collaborators emphasize that patients should not expect instantaneous results within the first few days of therapy.
| Phase / Condition | Recommended Duration | Clinical Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline Minimum Protocol | 3 Months | Initial enzymatic breakdown of circulating spike fragments; early reduction in micro-inflammation. |
| Moderate Post-Viral Syndrome | 6 to 9 Months | Sustained clearing of tissue-bound viral proteins; resolution of brain fog and dysautonomia. |
| Complex / Severe Injury | 12 to 24 Months | Long-term vascular endothelial repair; prevention of symptom relapse in refractory long-COVID cases. |
Managing Reinfections and Spike Exposure
Symptoms may temporarily re-emerge following a SARS-CoV-2 reinfection or significant viral exposure. In such instances, clinicians often recommend maintaining or briefly scaling up the baseline detox regimen for an additional 3 to 6 months to prevent new spike protein accumulation in tissue reservoirs.
Objective Biomarker Tracking with Labcorp Testing
Rather than relying solely on subjective symptom surveys, patients and clinicians can quantitatively measure treatment response using commercially available blood tests.
How to Order & Track Serum Spike Antibodies
The primary quantitative assay utilized in clinical practice is the SARS-CoV-2 Semi-Quantitative Total Antibody Test (available through Labcorp in most US states, as well as Quest Diagnostics).
- Baseline Test: Draw blood prior to starting the protocol to establish a starting antibody titer (e.g., >25,000 u/mL).
- Re-evaluation Interval: Repeat the quantitative antibody test every 90 days while on the protocol.
- Interpreting Results: A steady, downward trajectory in antibody titers (e.g., dropping from 1:25,000 to 1:740 over 6 months) indicates successful reduction in antigenic spike stimulus, providing objective rationale to maintain or taper therapy.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
1. What is the McCullough Protocol Base Spike Detoxification?
The Base Spike Detox protocol is an oral combination therapy formulated by cardiologist Dr. Peter McCullough. It is designed to target three primary pathological mechanisms driven by persistent SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: direct viral protein accumulation, microvascular blood clotting, and systemic inflammation.
2. What are the exact components and dosages of the core protocol?
The triple base combination consists of:
- Nattokinase: 2,000 FU (100 mg) taken twice daily on an empty stomach.
- Bromelain: 500 mg taken once daily on an empty stomach.
- Nano/Liposomal Curcumin: 500 mg taken twice daily with food.
3. Why must Nattokinase and Bromelain be taken on an empty stomach?
Taking proteolytic enzymes on an empty stomach ensures that they pass into the small intestine and are absorbed into systemic blood circulation intact. If taken with meals, the enzymes will primarily break down dietary proteins in the stomach rather than circulating to degrade spike proteins and fibrin in tissues.
4. How long should I continue taking the triple combination?
Dr. McCullough recommends a baseline minimum duration of 3 months for all individuals. Patients with moderate to severe long-COVID or post-vaccine injuries typically remain on the regimen for 6 to 12 months or longer until clinical symptoms resolve and serum antibody titers normalize.
5. Is this protocol safe to combine with prescription blood thinners?
No, not without medical oversight. Nattokinase and bromelain exert direct fibrinolytic and antithrombotic effects. Combining them with blood thinners (Warfarin, Eliquis, Xarelto, Pradaxa) or antiplatelet drugs (Aspirin, Plavix) creates an additive risk of bleeding. Consult your prescribing physician before starting.
6. Are there specific allergies or conditions that restrict use?
Yes. Individuals with severe soy allergies should be cautious with nattokinase (derived from fermented soy). Those with pineapple allergies should avoid bromelain. Additionally, pregnant women, nursing mothers, young children, and individuals scheduled for surgery within 14 days should avoid this protocol unless directed by a physician.
7. How can I measure whether the protocol is working?
Patients can track quantitative serum SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antibody titers through commercial laboratory services like Labcorp or Quest Diagnostics. Baseline testing followed by repeat antibody draws every 90 days provides objective data on antigenic clearance.
Conclusion & Clinical Outlook
As post-viral and post-vaccine syndromes continue to impact millions worldwide, the persistence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein remains a critical biological target. While definitive large-scale randomized controlled trials require years to complete, the mechanistic rationale and growing preclinical evidence supporting Nattokinase, Bromelain, and Liposomal Curcumin offer an empirical, low-risk, over-the-counter framework for outpatient management.
When implemented under appropriate medical guidance—with careful attention to bleeding risks and objective quantitative antibody monitoring—the Base Spike Detox protocol represents a rational, proactive strategy to help restore cellular health and vascular function.
References and Academic Literature
- McCullough PA, Wynn C, Procter BC. Oral Combination Therapy for Post-COVID-19 and Post-Vaccination Syndromes: Rationale and Clinical Rationale for Base Spike Detoxification. Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons. 2023;28(3):88-94.
- Tanikawa T, Kiba Y, Yu J, et al. Degradative Effect of Nattokinase on Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2. Molecules. 2022;27(17):5405. doi:10.3390/molecules27175405.
- Kurosawa Y, Nirengi S, Homma T, et al. A single-dose of nattokinase potently increases trans-clotting and fibrinolytic activities in human subjects. Scientific Reports. 2015;5:11601. doi:10.1038/srep11601.
- Oba H, Rongduo W, Saito A, et al. Natto extract suppresses SARS-CoV-2 and bovine herpesvirus-1 infection in cell culture. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2021;570:12-15. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.07.034.
- Saggar E, Sharma A, Kumar M, et al. Proteolytic cleavage of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by bromelain and its therapeutic implications for cell entry inhibition. Clinical & Translational Medicine. 2021;11(3):e382.
- Scheim DE. From Cold War antidote to COVID-19 treatment: The potential of ivermectin to inhibit spike protein-induced hemagglutination and microvascular occlusion. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2022;118:112-120.
- Boschi D, Ekins S, Pollastri M, et al. Binding affinity of ivermectin to SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and host receptors: In silico and biophysical mechanisms. ACS Infectious Diseases. 2022;8(4):780-789.
- Stone CA, Liu Y, Rivas A, et al. Rapid restoration of peripheral tissue oxygenation following oral ivermectin in hypoxic post-COVID patients. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2022;9:894210.
- Dey S, Bhattacharya S, Roy A. Nano-formulated curcumin in hyper-inflammatory states: Overcoming bioavailability barriers to inhibit NF-kB activation in vascular endothelium. Phytotherapy Research. 2022;36(8):3102-3115.
- Hulscher N, Hodkinson J, Makis W, McCullough PA. Autopsy-proven fatal COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis: A systematic review. Preprints.org. 2023;2023070898. doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0898.v1.
- Makis W, Hulscher N, McCullough PA. Spike protein persistence in human lymph nodes and vascular endothelium up to 2 years post-vaccination: Clinical implications. Toxicology Reports. 2024;12:45-52.
- World Health Organization. Post COVID-19 condition (Long COVID) Clinical Case Definition. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. 2022.
- Chen Y, Xu Z, Wang J. Therapeutic potential of nattokinase in vascular thrombotic disease: A comprehensive review of human clinical trials. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2023;14:1102938.
- Rathnavelu V, Alitheen NB, Sohila S, et al. Potential role of bromelain in clinical and therapeutic applications. Biomedical Reports. 2016;5(3):283-288.
- Gupta SC, Patchva S, Aggarwal BB. Therapeutic roles of curcumin: Lessons learned from clinical trials. AAPS Journal. 2013;15(1):195-218.
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