Risk vs Benefit: Angioplasty Heart Stent

What do physicians and stent companies have to say for themselves, given that they are promoting expensive, risky procedures with no benefit?

Below is an approximation of this video’s audio content. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video.

Angioplasty and stent placement continue to be frequently performed for patients with non-emergency coronary artery disease, despite clear evidence that it provides minimal benefit. For example, it does not prevent heart attacks or death, yet as many as 9 out of 10 patients mistakenly believed that the procedure would reduce their chances of having a heart attack. But at the same time—the cardiologists weren’t stupid— those who referred them for the stent and those who performed the procedure didn’t believe that. Okay, then why were they doing it?

Focus groups of cardiologists have documented a chasm between knowledge and behavior. While aware of the evidence to the contrary, they recommend and performed PCI (angioplasty and stents), because they somehow believe that it helps in some ill-defined way. Physicians tended to justify a non-evidence-based approach—I know the data shows there is no benefit—but by focusing on how easy it is to do the procedure and belief that an open artery was better—even if it didn’t actually affect outcomes—all the while minimizing the risks. I mean the procedure only kills 1 in 150. So, here, some are blaming the patients for not listening, but maybe it’s the physicians who are the ones ignoring the evidence.

Or maybe physicians have too poor a grasp of the relevant statistics to adequately inform the patient. Regardless, what we’ve got here is a failure to communicate. So, tools have been developed. For example, a sample informed consent document that lays out the potential benefits and risks, even laying out how many procedures your doctors have done and your out-of-pocket costs. Notice there are a lot of blanks to be filled in, though. What are some concrete numbers?

The Mayo Clinic came up with some prototype decision-making tools. In terms of benefits, will having a stent placed in my heart prevent heart attacks or death? No, stents will not lower the risk of heart attack or death, but a week later those getting stents report they feel better at least, though a year later even the symptomatic-relief benefit appears to disappear. Okay, so there appeared to be this temporary-relief-in-chest-pain benefit. What about the risks?

During the stent procedure, out of 100 people, two will have bleeding or damage to a blood vessel, and one will have a tad more serious complication such as heart attack, stroke, or death. And then, after that, during the first year after the stent, three will have a bleeding event because of the blood thinners you have to take because you have this foreign material in your heart, but that doesn’t always work, and so two will have their stent clog off leading to a heart attack.

What does the world’s No. 1 stent manufacturer have to say for itself? They acknowledge the evidence shows stents don’t make people live longer, but living longer is overrated. Look, if all we cared about was living longer, entire disciplines of medicine would disappear. Why go to the dentist? Of course, the difference is that 80 percent of people don’t believe that getting a cavity filled is going to save their life, like they mistakenly do for stents, and there isn’t a one in a hundred chance you won’t make it out of the dentist chair.

The stent companies actively misinform with ads like this. “Open your heart and your life.” “Life wide open.” “Freedom begins here.” Their TV ad mentioned a few side effects. Turns out they missed a few, but more importantly, they’re giving the false impression that stents are more than just expensive, risky band aids for temporary symptom relief. But what’s wrong with symptom relief? Look at those smiling faces. Even if the benefits are only symptomatic and don’t last long, if people think that outweighs the risk, what’s the problem?

What if I told you that even the symptom relief may just be an elaborate placebo effect, and you could get the same relief with a fake surgery; so, there really weren’t any benefits at all? We’ll see what the science says next.

Do Heart Stent Procedures Work for Angina Chest Pain?

Sham surgery trials prove that procedures like nonemergency stents offer no benefit for angina pain—only risk to millions of patients.

Below is an approximation of this video’s audio content. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video.

Angioplasty and stents for non-emergency coronary artery disease is one of the most common invasive procedures performed in the United States. Though it appeared to offer immediate relief of angina chest pain in stable patients with coronary artery disease, it didn’t actually translate into a lower risk of heart attack or death. This is because the atherosclerotic plaques that narrow blood flow tend not to be the ones that burst and kill you. But hey, symptom control is important—that’s much of what we do in medicine. But cardiology has a bad track record when it comes to performing procedures that don’t actually end up helping at all.

Case in point: internal mammary artery ligation. Though it didn’t make much anatomical sense—why tying off arteries to the chest wall and breast would somehow improve coronary artery circulation—it worked like a charm. Immediate improvement in 95 percent of hundreds of patients. Could it have been just some elaborate placebo effect, and they were cutting into people for nothing? There’s only one way to find out— you cut into people for nothing.

They randomized people to get the actual surgery or a fake surgery—where they cut you open and get to the last step—but don’t actually tie off those arteries. And—the patients who underwent the fake surgery experienced the same relief. Check out the testimonials:

“Immediately, I felt better.”

“ 95 percent better.”

“No chest trouble even with exercise.”

“ I’m cured!”

And these are all people who got the sham surgery. So, it was just an extravagant placebo effect. Think about it—some frightened, poorly-informed man with angina chest pain, winding himself tighter and tighter, sensitizing himself to every twinge of chest discomfort—who then comes into the environment of a great medical center, and a powerful, positive, paternalistic personality, and hears how great it’s going to be—goes through the whole operation and leaves a new man with his trademark scar.

One sham patient was actually cured though. “The patient is optimistic and says he feels much better.” Office note the next day: Patient dropped dead. So, no more chest pain!

This has happened over and over. I’ve got an idea! How about we burn holes in the heart muscle with lasers to create channels for blood flow? Worked great—until it was proven that it doesn’t work at all. Cutting the nerves to your kidneys was heralded as a cure for hard-to-treat high blood pressure until sham surgery proved the procedure itself was a sham.

The necessity for placebo-controlled trials has been rediscovered several times in cardiology, typically to considerable surprise. Before they are debunked, often the therapy is thought to be so beneficial that a placebo-controlled trial is deemed unnecessary and perhaps even unethical.

That was the case with stents.

Hundreds of thousands of angioplasties and stents are done every year, yet placebo-controlled trials had never been done. Why? Because cardiologists were so unquestionably sure it worked that it would be unethical to perform a fake procedure to prove something we already know is true. When patients are aware that they have had a stent they have a clear reduction in angina and improved quality of life. But what if they weren’t aware? Would it still work?

Enter the ORBITA trial. After all, anti-angina medication is only taken seriously if there is blinded evidence of symptom relief against a placebo pill—so, why not pit stents against a placebo procedure? In both groups, doctors threaded a catheter through the groin or wrist of the patient, and with X-ray guidance, went up to the blocked artery, and then either inserted a stent or just pulled the catheter back out.

They had problems even getting the study funded. They were told we already know the answer to this question—of course, stents work—and that’s even what the researchers themselves thought. They were interventional cardiologists themselves. They just wanted to prove it. Boy, were they surprised. Even in patients with severe coronary artery narrowing, angioplasty, and stents did not increase exercise time more than the fake procedure.

“Unbelievable,” read the New York Times headline, remarking that the results “stunned leading cardiologists by countering decades of clinical experience.” In response to the blowback, the researchers wrote that they sympathize with everyone’s shock and disbelief. Yes, we could have tried to spin it somehow, but they had a duty to preserve scientific integrity.

While some commended them for challenging the existing dogma around a procedure that has become so routine, ingrained, and profitable, others questioned their ethics. After all, four patients in the placebo group had complications from the guide wire insertion and required emergency measures to seal the tear they made in the artery. There were also three major bleeding events in the placebo group—so, they suffered risks without even a chance of benefit. But “[f]ar from demonstrating the risks of sham-controlled trials, this demonstrates exactly what patients are being subjected to on a routine basis”—for nothing.

Those few complications in the trial are dwarfed by the thousands that have been killed or maimed by the procedure over the years. You want unethical? How about the fact that an invasive procedure has been performed on millions of people before it was ever actually put to the test? Maybe we should consider the absence, not the presence, of sham control trials to be the greater injustice.

When a former FDA [U.S. Food and Drug Administration] commissioner was asked at the American Heart Association meeting whether sham controls should be required for the approval of all devices, he replied, “Do you want to get the truth or not?”

Republished from NutritionFacts.org

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